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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epikleros
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Status of a daugher if she was the only heir to inherit the family’s property
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Oikos
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Family unit
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Gynaikon
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Women’s quarters
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Andros
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Men’s quarters
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Hetairai
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Prostitute
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Acropolis
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A temple sacred to "Athena Polias" (Protectress of the City) was quickly erected by mid-6th century BC
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Parthenon
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a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis
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Pnyx
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hill where ekklesia meets
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Agora
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Contained most important government buildings
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Areopagus
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council of former archons. Could prosecute major state offenses, and reviewed magistrates and archons. Had supervisory role over government
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Eisangeliai
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Public indictment of state offenses
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Dokinasia
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vetting magistrates before they enter office, by Areopagus
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Euthynai
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reviewing archons when they leave office, by Areopagus
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Demagogue
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Person (political figure) getting their support from the demos, the people
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Aristides
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Athenian general and statesman, prominent aristocrat. Ostracized by Themistocles, a demagogue. Important general during the Persian wars, helped Athens become dominant state in the Delian League
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Cimon
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Prominent Athenian aristocrat/statesman. Strategos after 479, military mastermind behind delian league.
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Ephialtes
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Prominent demagogue at same time as Cimon was powerful. Early leader of the democratic movement. In the late 460s BC, he oversaw reforms that diminished the power of the Areopagus.
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Themistocles
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Demogogue in Athens, rival was Aristides. Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. Was responsible for the refortification of Athens that angered Sparta.
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Pericles
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495 – 429 BC. A prominent and influential statesman/orator/general of Athens during the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Was a demagogue and populist. Fostered Athenian democracy. Responsible for Athenian strategy during the Archidamian war.
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Heliaia
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Supreme court of ancient Athens. All male citizens were notionally in the jury pool
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Dikasteria
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individual courts, divisions of the Heliaia
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Demokratia
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Direct democracy, phrase used in Athens instead of isonomia
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Pryrany
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Portion of the Boule, 50 members from a particular tribe
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Proxenos
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a citizen (usually rich) of a particular city state who felt friendship towards another city, and voluntarily took up some of the roles fulfilled in modern states by Consuls
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Phourarch
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garrison commander in allied cities of Delian league, quasi-official role in governance of the city
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Episkopoi
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“watchers” – troubleshooters sent by Athens to Delian league allies when there were problems
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Aspasia
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Milesian concubine of Pericles. Intensely slandered. Pericles got special dispensation for his son by Aspasia to be an exception to the rule requiring Athenian citizens to be of 2 athenian parents
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Epidamnus and Corcyra
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One of the events leading to the Peloponnesian War.
435 BC - Epidamnus was colony of Corcyra, which had been a colony of Corinth. Corcyra did not have great relations with Corinth. There was stasis in Epidamnus between oligarchs and democrats, oligarchs got barbarians to attack Epidamnus. Epidamnian democrats ask Corcyra for help, but Corcyra turns them down. Epidamnians ask Corinth for support against the oligarchs and barbarian allies, Corinth sends a fleet to assist the Epidamnians, Corcyra defeats the Corinthian force. Corcyra had been entirely neutral, but asks Athens to form an alliance to protect against Corinth, Athens make defensive alliance with Corcyra – send minimal assistance. |
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Oikistes
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Colony founder sent from original city
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battle of Sybota
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One of the events leading to the Peloponnesian War. Part of the Epidamnus/Corcyra event
Late 433. Corcyra with Athenian support, against Corinth. Increased tensions between Athens and Corinth |
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Potidaea
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One of the events leading to the Peloponnesian war.
In the Athenian empire but had very strong ties to Corinth. 433/432 Athenians demand that the Potidaeans tear down their walls, reject Corinthian magistrates, give Athenians hostages, and shut down the port. Corinthians get Spartans to agree to support Potidaea, as well as getting Corinthian volunteers |
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Megarian Decrees
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~432 Decrees of Athens against Athenian neighbor Megara, attributed to Pericles. Athenian decree that prohibits Megarian ships from entering any Athenian of Delian League port. Megara suffers greatly because of this.
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Cleon
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Died, 422 BC. Protypical demagogue, not an aristocrat, son of a leather tanner. Rises to power by speaking in the ekklesia. Came to prominence during revolt of Mytilene – argued that all the Mytileans should be killed because of the revolt. Also prominent in capturing Spartans at the Battle of Sphacteria. Died at Amphipolis.
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Mytilene Revolt
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On Lesbos (428-7), defect from the Delian League because of oligarchic factions. Obtain Spartan assistance, offer to invade Attica to distract them from the revolt and send a fleet to Lesbos. By the time Spartan fleet arrives, Mytilene has already fallen to Athens, oligarchs had desperately armed the commoners who in turn surrendered the city to Athens. Debate in Athens over what to do about the Mytileans - between Cleon and Diodotus - Athens had sent a trireme to Mytilene with the initial decision to kill all, a second trireme is sent to declare that not everyone should be killed. 1000 mytileans that organized the revolt are executed.
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Diodotus
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Key figure in the debate over what should be the fate of Mytilene. Argued that if Athens killed them all, people in the future would have no reason to surrender because they’d think they’d die anyway
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Stasis on Corcyra
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427 BC - open warfare between democratic faction (supports Athens) and oligarchic faction (supported Sparta). Democratic factions prevail.
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Plataea
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427 BC - Spartans and Boeotians (Thebans) finally capture Plataea. Many Boeotians had escaped to Athens already. Put on a show trial asking them what they have done for Sparta, and executes the ones with bad answers
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Pylos and Sphacteria
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425 BC - Demosthenes (general) fortifies Pylos, which is right in the middle of Messenia, on the way to Sicily. From here, Athens can help to incite helot revolt - helots, messenians begin fleeing to Pylos. Spartans decide to attack pylos because they fear the threat, attack by land and sea - invade island of Sphacteria to blockade harbor. Athenian relief fighters arrive, and this fleet manages to destroy the Spartan fleet. Spartans ask for armistice to retrieve their hoplites from sphacteria, but cleon refuses. Athens captures the remaining spartiates, hoplites.
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Nisaea, Cythera
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After Pylos and Sphacteria, Athens – Cleon - also captures Cythera and Nisaea.
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Battle of Delium
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424 BC - Athenians try to take offensive against Boeotians in Delium. In hoplite battle, Athenians take huge setback.
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Chalcidice
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424-422 BC - New spartan strategy to convince and incite Athenian allies to revolt. Brasidas, spartan commander manages to convince some Athenian ally cities to revolt in Chalcidice (Thrace). Amphipolis is most important city that he convinces to revolt (Amphipolis is in a very strategic region and very important to Athens). 422 Cleon elected strategos, goes to confront Sparta at amphipolis, in the battle, he is killed, athenians are defeated.
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Brasidas
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Spartan commander during first part of Peloponnesian war. Important in causing revolts from Athenian empire in Thrace and at the battle of Amphipolis. Died at amphipolis, after victory.
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Amphipolis
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424-422 BC - New spartan strategy to convince and incite Athenian allies to revolt. Brasidas, spartan commander manages to convince some Athenian ally cities to revolt in Chalcidice (Thrace). Amphipolis is most important city that he convinces to revolt (Amphipolis is in a very strategic region and very important to Athens). 422 Cleon elected strategos, goes to confront Sparta at amphipolis, in the battle, he is killed, athenians are defeated.
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Peace of Nicias
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421 BC – Peace of Nicias takes effect. Supposed to last for 50 years, Athenian empire goes back to pre-war state, Spartans get men back. Some key Peloponnesian allies refuse to ratify the treaty (Corinth, megara, thebes), making the treaty tenuous from the beginning. Amphipolis refuses to return to the Athenian alliance even though it was part of the treaty. Treaty clause states that Athens and Sparta together can amend the treaty without ally consultation, this is a problem for the Peloponnesian league. When amphipolis doesn’t go back, Athens keeps pylos. Corinthians never accept treaty, secretly try to form their own league – the Argive League. Some leaders want to renew hostilities.
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Quadruple Alliance
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Athens forms Quadruple Alliance (Athens, Mantinea, Argos, Elis). During first years of the Peace of Nicias. Defensive alliance to defend each other if any is attacked. Athens aligning itself with traditional Spartan enemy
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Argive League
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Created in protest of the Peace of Nicias
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Battle of Mantinea (418)
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418 BC – Sparta+allies versus Argos and Athens. Spartan victory.
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Melos
-Melian Dialogue |
o Clash between liberal and realist ideas
o 416 BC – Athens invaded Melos o Melos had always resisted the Delian League o Athens says Melos may pay tribute to Athens or fight Athens and be destroyed “The strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must” o Melos argues: that Athens should respect their right to neutrality, showing leniency will make Athens more favorable Spartans will aid Melos Gods will protect the island o Melos refuses to submit, Athens attacks and defeats Melos o All Melian men are executed, the women and children are sold to slavery and Athens colonizes the empty island |
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Sicilian Expedition
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415 BC – Athenian ally Egesta appeals for Athenian help in their war with Syracuse. Egesta also offers to pay for the expedition. Ekkelsia votes and approved expedition of 60 ships to go to sicily. Original goal to help egesta and restore polis of Leontini (former Athenian ally) that Syracusans had conquered at one point. Nicias, Alcibiades, Lamachus are 3 strategoi in command of the expedition, Nicias had argued against the expedition. The tripartite command has problems agreeing on a strategy, Athens failed to get allies from sicily, attacks are disastrous. Athens tries to take Syracuse by building a wall around it and blockading the sea, most of the Athenian fleet is in the great harbor, trying to prevent supplies from entering Syracuse. Nicias sends letter to athens detailing all of the troubles of the expedition, asking that they either recall the expedition or send out an equal number of troops, Athens sends reinforcements. Entire fleet is destroyed. Nicias and Demosthenes plan for overland evacuation, Athenians surrender and are either executed or enslaved. By 413 Athens had lost everything.
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Egesta/Segesta
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415 BC – Athenian ally Egesta appeals for Athenian help in their war with Syracuse. Egesta also offers to pay for the expedition. Athenian help is the Sicilian expedition.
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Pistis
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often a group planning a coup would commit a group crime to bind themselves together
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Herms
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Herms guarded boundaries of the city, consisted of a human face and an erect phallus. Were mutilated before the Sicilian expedition
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tripartite command
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Nicias, Lamachus, and Alcibiades are all generals leading the Sicilian expedition
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Nicias
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470 - 413 BC An Athenian politician and general during the period of the Peloponnesian War, a member of the Athenian aristocracy, and one of Cleon’s rivals. He was responsible for the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC. Also, one of 3 generals on the Sicilian expedition. Wants to end the expedition quickly because he fears it will fail. He is executed for the failure of the expedition.
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Lamachus
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One of 3 generals on the Sicilian expedition. Proposed an aggressive strategy against Syracuse thinking that the Athenians should attack as soon as possible while the inhabitants were still unprepared for battle. Died in Sicily.
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Alcibiades
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Prominent statesman/general of Athens. Last of the Alcmeonidae. One of 3 generals on the Sicilian expedition, but fled to Sparta after his political enemies brought charges of sacrilege against him. In Sparta, he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several major campaigns against Athens – convinced Sparta to fortify Decelea
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Decelea
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Alcibiades is supposed to return to Athens for trial, flees to Sparta. Tells Sparta that they fortify a garrison in Attica at Decelea so that they can harass Attica year-round
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Gylippus
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Spartan commander during the Sicilian expedition
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King Agis
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Spartan King during Sicilian expedition, responsible for the fortification of Decelea
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Epipolae
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raised area in Syracuse where most of the combat during the Sicilian expedition occurred
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Great Harbor
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Outside of Syracuse, most of Athenian fleet was there. They are blockaded in the harbor, when the Athenian fleet tries to flee, they get locked into a sea battle with Syracuse. They lack the maneuverability necessary for Athenian tactics, they lose and refuse to try again. Most of the fleet is destroyed.
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Demosthenes
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Athenian general during the Peloponnesian war. Sent to help in Sicily, fortified Pylos on the war and led Athenian victories at the Battle of Pylos and the Battle of Sphacteria. 424 – failed to capture Megara. Demosthenes also led the reinforcement force to Sicily. Was executed along with Nicias after their defeat in Sicily.
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Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus
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2 Persian satraps sent by Persia to help Sparta against Athens
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Chios
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Member of the Delian League. Sparta tries to get Chios to revolt, with the help of Alcibiades, in order to weaken Athens
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Peisander
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411 BC - Peisander and his supporters get the ekklesia to create a council of 10 men to create new constitution. Instead, they propose to end the graphe paranomon - allows for an oligarchic constitution. Peisander proposes a council of 400 to oversee the government – basically a self-selecting body. Would be allowed to govern as they see fit and summon council of 5000 when necessary. The 400 had no intention of ever summoning the 5000- 1st Oligarchic Revolution
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Hellespont
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Key strategic area for Athens, was important for them to be able get food. Target, in 411, for Sparta to encourage cities to revolt.
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Oligarchic Revolution
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411 BC - Peisander and his supporters get the ekklesia to create a council of 10 men to create new constitution. Instead, they propose to end the graphe paranomon - allows for an oligarchic constitution. Peisander proposes a council of 400 to oversee the government – basically a self-selecting body. Would be allowed to govern as they see fit and summon council of 5000 when necessary. The 400 had no intention of ever summoning the 5000- 1st Oligarchic Revolution. Rule of the 400 only lasts a few months.
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graphe paranomon
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a law in Athens that anyone proposing something unconstitutional could be prosecuted
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council of 400
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Proposed by Peisander in 411 to oversee the government, supposedly would summon a council of 5000 when necessary. 1st oligarchic ruling body in Athens
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council of 5000
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Proposed by Peisander, to complement the council of 400. Supposedly, the 400 would summon a council of 5000 when necessary. Part of 1st oligarchy
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Samos
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411 BC - When the 400 is failing in Athens, they try an oligarchic coup at Samos, and it fails. The thetes of the Athenian fleet that were stationed on Samos set themselves up as a democracy in Samos, considered themselves to be the legitimate Athenian government
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Thrasybulus
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An Athenian general and democratic leader. In 411 BC, in the wake of an oligarchic coup at Athens, the pro-democracy sailors at Samos elected him as a general, making him a primary leader of the successful democratic resistance to that coup. As general, he was responsible for recalling the controversial nobleman Alcibiades from exile. Thrasybulus led the democratic resistance to the new oligarchic government, known as the Thirty Tyrants, that the victorious Spartans imposed on Athens. In 404 BC, he commanded a small force of exiles that invaded Attica and, in successive battles, defeated first a Spartan garrison and then the forces of the oligarchy. Killed during Corinthian War.
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Cleophon
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Athenian demagogue. A staunch democrat, and vehement opponent of the oligarchs. He inspired the citizens of Athens to reject the Spartans' attempts to make peace; once after the Athenian victory at Cyzicus (410 BC), again after the Athenian victory at Arginusae (406 BC), and once again after the decisive Spartan naval victory at Aegospotami (405 BC).
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Lysander
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A Spartan General and the commander of the Spartan fleet in the Hellespont which was victorious against the Athenians at Aegospotami in 405 BC. The following year, he was able to force the Athenian leadership to capitulate, bringing the Peloponnesian War to an end.
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Notium
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406 BC - subordinate to Alcibiades is watching the fleet which was blockading the Spartan fleet, he violates order by trying to draw Sparta into battle. Sparta, under Lysander, scores a victory over the Athenian fleet, leading to the downfall of Alcibiades
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Battle of Arginusae
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406 BC – naval battle, Athenians won a dramatic victory using inexperienced rowers but new tactics. Athenian generals decide to leave the battle site to rush to aid Mytilene, leaving surviving sailors to drown. Caused outrage in Athens, and 6 generals were exectured
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Theramenes
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Opponent of the 30 Tyrants, refused to execute a metic. Was executed by Critias
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battle of Aegospotami
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405 BC – last major battle of the Peloponnesian war. Spartan fleet, under Lysander, completely destroyed Athenian fleet (led by Conon). Lysander won by pretending to go to the market, then decimating Athenian vessels while their crews were eating lunch. Cleophon still convinces Athens to refuse peace.
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Conon
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Athenian general during the end of the Peloponnesian war
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Decarchies
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10-man ruling groups, set up by Lysander in former Athenian allies after Athens’ defeat in the Peloponnesian war
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Peace treaty (end of Peloponnesian war)
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404 BC - The long walls and the fortifications of the piraeas come down, Athens gives up empire, all Athenian exiles must be recalled, Athens can only keep a 12 trireme fleet, Athens can keep attica intact, they make an offensive and defensive alliance (same friends and enemies), Athens has to accompany Sparta on all expeditions
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Thirty Tyrants
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404 BC - One of the exiles recalled by the peace treaty was Critias, a former member of the 400. At meeting of the ekklesia, Dracontides proposes creating a board of 30 men to draft a new constitution and give them control of the city in the meantime - Lysander, of Sparta, says they have to follow the proposal. Tyrants take control, they select a council of 500 to help them with the new constitution, invite a Spartan garrison into the acropolis, claim to ‘cleanse the city of unjust men’. They arrest and execute opponents of the regime, around 1500 men
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Critias
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De facto leader of the 30 tyrants in Athens, 404 BC. He is killed during a failed attack on the Piraeas (center of opposition to the 30 tyrants) by the 30 and the Spartan garrison
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Dracontides
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Proposes creating a board of 30 men (the 30 tyrants) to draft a new constitution and give them control of the city while waiting for the creation of a new government
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council of 500
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Council appointed by the 30 tyrants to supposedly assist in the drafting of a new constitution
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Phylae
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Thebes also receives enemies of the 30 so Athens doesn’t become too controlled by Sparta. A group of exiles in Thebes, led by Thrasybulus, march into Attica and seize the fortress of Phylae. 30 fail to retake Phylae
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Harmost
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Military governor, after the Peloponnesian war many harmost’s were stationed by Sparta
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Pausanius
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King of Sparta, Pausanius, challenges Lysander by entering Athens and negotiating an agreement .Eleusis (where the 30 escaped too) becomes recognized as a separate polis
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Eleusis
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During the conflict of the 30 Tyrants. King of Sparta, Pausanius, challenges Lysander by entering Athens and negotiating an agreement. Eleusis (where the 30 escaped too) becomes recognized as a separate polis. 401/400 Athenians allege that oligarchs in Eleusis were planning an oligarchic coup, and march and conquer Eleusis. Athens becomes a full democracy again
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Theater of dionysis
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a major open air theatre in ancient Greece, built at the foot of the Athenian Acropolis. Dedicated to Dionysus, the god of plays and wine (among other things), the theatre could seat as many as 17,000 people, making it an ideal location for ancient Athens' biggest theatrical celebration, the Dionysia
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City Dionysia
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a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of the god Dionysus, the central event of which was the performance of tragedies and, since 487 BC, comedies
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Dithyramb
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an ancient Greek choral hymn sung to the god Dionysus. Origination of tragedies
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Komos
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Origination of comedy
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Sacred clown
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someone who mocks all that society holds dear
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Liturgy
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Athenian means of paying for tragedies. A tax on the wealthiest Athenian citizens, forced them to do work for the state at their own expense. They were to underwrite the performance of a tragedy. By doing this, it make you look really good and improve your reputation
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the Clouds
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Play by Aristophanes. Factors in the Clouds: satire of current events, obscenity/bathroom humor, exaggeration, buffoon characters, fantastical nature of the events
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Physis
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Natural
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Nomos
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Custom
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Elenchus method
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Socrates asks someone questions as they redefine their positions until he proves that they have no conclusion
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Graphe
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Anyone can bring a case against anyone else in Athens
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Dike
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Private disputes in Athens
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Apologia
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Defense
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Laconizer
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Someone sympathetic to Sparta
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Agesilaus II
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Spartan king (445-349). Facilitates Sparta stepping into Athens’ imperial role. After the Peloponnesian war, Sparta begins to act as imperializer instead of the liberator that they had claimed during the war. They don’t free former Athenian allies, they set up decarchies. Sparta intervenes in the affairs of most allies. Campaigns in Ionia against Persians.
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Corinthian War
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395-387 BC - Spartan allies take opportunity of Agesilaus being gone (in Persia) to rebel against Spartan imperialism. Thebes, Corinth, Argos, Athens join alliance against Sparta, financed by Persia. Spartans have a difficult time early on in the war, Lysander is killed. Persian then agrees to fund the Spartans in exchange for getting back Ionia. Most warfare occurs around Corinth. Ended by ‘King’s Peace’ managed by Persian King.
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Battle of Nemea
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394 BC– During Corinthian War, Spartans had been doing poorly. Spartans win pitched hoplite battle at Nemea, stabilizes the situation in their favor
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Battle of Cnidus
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394 BC – During Cornithina War, after Battle of Nemea then Spartans lose fleet to Persians at Cnidus
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Battle of Lechaeum
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390 BC - During Cornithian War, Iphicrates wins small battle against Spartans, destroys Spartan detachment with new type of troop called a peltast (light armor and small shield, lots of javelins). Starts new type of warfare focused on light troops
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Iphicrates
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During the Corinthian War, he won a battle at Lechaeum by using a new type of light troop called a peltast
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Peltast
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New type of troop called a peltast (light armor and small shield, lots of javelins). Starts new type of warfare focused on light troops. First used during Corinthian War
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King’s Peace
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387 BC - Persian king is in charge of the peace ending the Corinthian War. The first Common Peace, in which all the cities of Greece made peace simultaneously on the basis of their individual autonomy. Greek cities in asia minor as well as Cyprus are recognized as under Persian control. Made all city-states notionally autonomous, stressed Spartan hegemony. Early problems because Sparta insisted that each member of the Boeotian league sign individually
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Sphodrias
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Spartan harmost of Boeotia - tries to make a stealth attack on Piraeas. Athens seized Spartan envoys, and release them once Sparta promises to punish the harmost. They release the envoys, but Sparta doesn’t punish Sphodrias. Athenians formally ally themselves with Thebes and form the 2nd Athenian League – the Athenian Confederation
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Athenian Confederation
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2nd Delian League. Every member is recognized as autonomous, no cities pay tribute, no athenian garrisons in ally cities, allies make payments into common fund (syntaxeis), in council (synhedrion) Athens has one vote and all other allies togther have one vote. Goal – to make Spartans respect the king’s peace. Many members were part of the delian league formerly.
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Syntaxeis
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Common fund of the Athenian confederation
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Synhedrion
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Council of the Athenian confederation – Athens has one vote, and all other allies collectively have one vote
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Epaminondas
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One of 11 magistrates of Boeotian league, driving force behind the rise of Thebes against Sparta. After Spartan king, Cleombrotus, invades Boeotia, Cleombrotus and Epaminondas meet at Leuctra (371). Epaminondas makes an innovation to hoplite warfare, destroys the entire Spartan army and effectively destroys Spartan power
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Boeotarchs
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11 magistrates of Boeotian league
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Cleombrotus
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Spartan king (380 - 371 BC) – invades Boeotia, meeting Epaminondas at Leuctra, where his army is defeated and he is killed.
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Battle of Leuctra
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371 BC - Cleombrotus and Epaminondas meet at Leuctra. Epaminondas makes an innovation to hoplite warfare, makes his left-flank hoplites 50 deep instead of 8 deep. They destroy the entire Spartan army – including 400 spartiates. This effectively destroys Spartan power. Also, the Sacred Band fought.
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Sacred Band
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300 hoplites from Thebes made of 150 pairs of lovers, known as an elite force of the Greek world
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Megalopolis
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Meeting place of the council of the Arcadian league
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Arcadian League
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370 BC – league founded, taking advantage of the weakened Spartan power. A federal league of city-states in ancient Greece, combining the various cities of Arcadia, in the Peloponnese, into a single state. In council, allies are represented proportionally by their population. The Arcadian League invaded the Peloponnesus with a large army, and Epaminondas liberates the Messenians, no more messenian helots
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Orchomenus
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364 BC – Orchomenus is decimated by their traditional rival, Thebes. Used as an example of how Theban hegemony is just as bad as Spartan hegemony
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Battle of Mantinea (362)
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362 BC – Between Thebans (led by Epaminondas, with Arcadians and Boeotians League) and Spartans (led by King Agesilaus II, with the Eleans, Athenians, and Mantineans). Thebans are victorious, but their success was so costly it was tantamount to a defeat. With all powers weakened, it left room for Macedonia.
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Phillip II
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King of Macedonia, steps in to fill power vacuum in Greece left by a weak Sparta, Athens, and Thebes.
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Battle of Chaeronea
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338 BC - Phillip II defeats a combined Theban and Athenian army, Macedonians become hegemon of Greece. No more independence of Greek states
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Alexander
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Phillip II’s son, king of Macedonia. Launches campaigns on Persian empire (334-325), and conquers it all.
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