Aerospace Journey Of Flight Ch 7

Front 1

What is the science and art of flight through the atmosphere known as?

Back 1

Aeronautics

Front 2

What is aerodynamices?

Back 2

The science related to the enegery of gases in motion

Front 3

What do you need to study to understand aeronautics and aerodynamics?

Back 3

the air and the machine that operates in it.

Front 4

A bird in flight is capable of using what?

Back 4

the energy of the atmoshpere to defy gravity

Front 5

The science of aerodynamice involves what three investigations?

Back 5

the passage of air though a jet engine, expulsion of engery from the rocket motor and the airflow around the aircraft.

Front 6

The atomsphere is a mixture of what?

Back 6

Several gases

Front 7

What is the homogeneous mixture of gases where most flights occure?

Back 7

One fifth oxygen and four fifths nitrogen

Front 8

The atmoshere extends upwards about how many miles?

Back 8

100 miles

Front 9

What can the atmosphere be compaired to?

Back 9

a pile of blankers

Front 10

Where is air that is under much lower pressure?

Back 10

higher altitudes

Front 11

What air is at higher pressure?

Back 11

lower altitudes

Front 12

What is the pressure at sea level?

Back 12

0.07651lb/ft for dry air at 50 degree 40 degree latitude

Front 13

What is the standard day pressure?

Back 13

14.7 psi or 29.92 on a mercury barometer

Front 14

what is temperature?

Back 14

a measure of the energy within a gas

Front 15

What happens to tempeture the more energy it has internally?

Back 15

the hotter the air

Front 16

How are molecules affected the hotter the air is?

Back 16

the faster its molecules move around.

Front 17

The temperature of the atmosphere decrease at a rate of what?

Back 17

3 1/2 degrees F per 1,000 feet increase in altitude.

Front 18

The decrease in temperature continues up to aobut how many feet in altitude?

Back 18

38,000 ft MSL

Front 19

The temperature of the air is under no contract to do what?

Back 19

Actually follow the standard

Front 20

The density of air is essentially what?

Back 20

How many nolecules are squeezed into a given volume.

Front 21

Higher density air is squeezed together more tightly than what?

Back 21

Lower density air

Front 22

Because the air at higher altitudes has less pressure it is also what?

Back 22

Less dense

Front 23

At sea level on a cool day the air is what and how do airplaines perform?

Back 23

dense and an airplane performs well.

Front 24

When do some airplanes have difficulty taking off because the air is too thin?

Back 24

One a hot day, at a high elevation

Front 25

How is viscosity defined?

Back 25

as a fluid's resistance to flow.

Front 26

Since air is a fluid why does it have a resistance to flow?

Back 26

Because of the attraction between the molecules of the air and the attraction between the air and the molecules of whatever it touches.

Front 27

When do molecules resisit a tendency to flow?

Back 27

If a force is applied to air

Front 28

The greater the density of the air the greater the what?

Back 28

resistance

Front 29

A phenomenon known a viscous drag occurs when what happens?

Back 29

an object is placed in the path of moving air.

Front 30

What form of drag is transmitted to other air molecules that are not actually touching the surface over which they are flowing?

Back 30

viscous drag

Front 31

When is the effect of fiscous drag lost?

Back 31

at some point away from the surface

Front 32

As a ovject moves through the air there is a what around it?

Back 32

flow pattern

Front 33

what is the smooth and mroe desirable flow called?

Back 33

Laminar

Front 34

what two flow patterns can and air foil experience in actual flight?

Back 34

both laminar and turbulent flow patterns.

Front 35

A disturbance with enought energy to produce a sound causes a reaction that is transmitted from molecule to molecule in what direction?

Back 35

in all directions

Front 36

Who is given credit defortermining the correct mathematical value for the speed of sound?

Back 36

Emst Mach 1838-1916

Front 37

Mach's last name and a number represent what?

Back 37

the speed of sound throught a medium

Front 38

Why does the speed of sound vary with altitude?

Back 38

because temperature generally decreses with an increase in height.

Front 39

The speed of sound in air is about what when the air temperature is 59 degrees?

Back 39

761 mph

Front 40

What is called the sound barrier?

Back 40

that is what they called the speed of sound in the 1940 when they thought that the speed of sound could not be reached.

Front 41

What was built to beat the sound barrier.

Back 41

the bell aircraft corporation built an airplane call the X-1 to break this barrier

Front 42

What was the x-1 fuselage shaped like?

Back 42

a 50 caliber rifle bullet because they knew to could exceed the speed of sound.

Front 43

Who and when was the sound barrier broke?

Back 43

On October 14 1947 with air force test pilot charles I Yeager at the controls.

Front 44

The airfoil is designed specifically to do what?

Back 44

cause a dynamic reaction from the air though which it moves.

Front 45

What parts of the airplane were specifically designed to react with the air?

Back 45

the wing and tail surfaces

Front 46

What causes forward lift?

Back 46

the wing and tail surfaces rotation through the relative wind creates a forward lift

Front 47

The leading edge of an airforl meets relative wind when?

Back 47

first

Front 48

The shape of the leading edge depends upon what?

Back 48

the intended use of the airfoil

Front 49

If the airfoil is designed to be flown at high speeds its leading edge will be shaped how?

Back 49

sharp such as those found on the wings of jet fighters.

Front 50

what will the shape of the leading edge of a slower training or pleasure type aircraft?

Back 50

More rounded and thicker

Front 51

What is immediately behind the leading edge, there is what?

Back 51

The upper and lower camber.

Front 52

What curvature determines the airfoil's thickness?

Back 52

the camber

Front 53

What can be either positive or negative?

Back 53

Camber

Front 54

Positive camber curves how?

Back 54

away from the centerline

Front 55

Negative camber moves where?

Back 55

towards the centerline of the airfoil.

Front 56

What kind of camber did the wright flyer have?

Back 56

both positive upper and negative lower camber

Front 57

What was the key ingredient to the Wright brothers design for success?

Back 57

Control- the could control their craft once it was in flight.

Front 58

Whether the camber is pronounced, thin, positive or negative the upper and lower surfaces must come together where?

Back 58

at the rear of the wing

Front 59

what is the cord?

Back 59

the imaginary line that connects the leading with the trailing edge

Front 60

How is the chord used?

Back 60

in the scientific explanation of several aerodynamic function

Front 61

what is the most important use of the chord?

Back 61

the concept of angle of attack

Front 62

Relative wind is opposite of what?

Back 62

the flight path

Front 63

What does the relative wind impact?

Back 63

the airfoil at any angle to the chord line.

Front 64

What happens when the airplane moves down the runway for takeoff?

Back 64

a relative wind starts flowing over the wing.l

Front 65

What is the angle created by the pilot during takeoff?

Back 65

The angle of attack

Front 66

Be definition what is the angle of attack?

Back 66

it is the angle between the chord line and the oncoming relative wind.

Front 67

The angle of attack is not the same what the angle of What?

Back 67

Angle of incidence

Front 68

What is the incidence angle?

Back 68

it is between the chord and the centerline of the aircraft

Front 69

who was given credit for developing the laws that explain how a wing lifts?

Back 69

Daniel Bernoulli in 1738

Front 70

What did Bernoulli discover?

Back 70

a relationship between the pressure and speed of a fluid in motion more specifically, as teh velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases

Front 71

Bernouth's principle staes what?

Back 71

as a fluid's speed increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases

Front 72

What is literally a suction on the top and push from underneath?

Back 72

Bernoulli's principle

Front 73

To a great extend what determines the amount of lift that a wing will produce at a given speed?

Back 73

camber

Front 74

Who detailed notes lead to a the idea that lift could be produced by flowing air?

Back 74

Leonardo Da Vince;s

Front 75

Who's study of classical mechanice led to the mathematical explanations of gravity?

Back 75

Sir Isaac Newton's

Front 76

Who developed mathematical equations for lift.?

Back 76

Octave Chanute and otto Litienthal

Front 77

By definition the lift force acts how?

Back 77

perpendicular to the relative wind or the line of light.

Front 78

How does the thrust force usually act?

Back 78

parallel to the centerline of the fuselage and the weight always acts int he direction of gravity

Front 79

If you can get what your air vehicle will be able to fly?

Back 79

If you can get more lift and less weight

Front 80

what makes th airplane accelerate?

Back 80

more thrust than drag

Front 81

What is a vector?

Back 81

a graphic mathematical illustration showing both direction and magnitude

Front 82

What can be increased by changing the camber or curvation of the airfoil shape of the wing?

Back 82

lift

Front 83

what is called Induced Lift?

Back 83

changing the camber or curvature of the airfoil shape of the wing and it induces lower pressure on the top of the wing due to the camber.

Front 84

Lift is increased as the angle of attack is what?

Back 84

increased

Front 85

Lift is increased as the angle of attack is increased for what two resons?

Back 85

1, the air has to go a further distance over the top of the wing 2,because there is more relative wind striking the wing's bottom surface at higher angles of attack

Front 86

There is a large increase in lift as what is increased?

Back 86

the angle of attack is increased

Front 87

Changing the angle of attack gains you what?

Back 87

both induced and dynamic lift

Front 88

What three characteristices affect the ability of the wing to create lift?

Back 88

High pressure air at sea level is more dense than at hight altitudes

Front 89

Colder air is more dense than what?

Back 89

hotter air

Front 90

Denser air flowing over the wing means what?

Back 90

more mass

Front 91

More mass means more molecules and this translates in greater ?

Back 91

what

Front 92

High pressure air at sea level is more dense that where?

Back 92

at higher altitudes

Front 93

Weight directly opposes lift when?

Back 93

in straight and level unaccelerated flight, weight is a problem to be overcome

Front 94

Each airplane has a total weight limitation which is called what?

Back 94

the maximum gross wieight

Front 95

How do you find useful load?

Back 95

subtact the empty weight from the maximum allowable weight to find out hand many pounds may be leaded into the airplane

Front 96

What is the force that propels the aircraft forward?

Back 96

thrust

Front 97

What is the force that opposes all motion throught the atmosphere and is paralled to the direction of the relative wind?

Back 97

Drag

Front 98

There are many components of what?

Back 98

Drag

Front 99

What are the two type of drag?

Back 99

Form drag and friction drag

Front 100

what is an illustration of friction drag?

Back 100

dragging your hand across a smoth surface and than a piece of sandpaper

Front 101

What is friction Drag?

Back 101

is caused by the friction of air particles rubbing against the parts of the airplane.

Front 102

What is form Drag?

Back 102

the very shape of something may creat this turbulence as the aircraft flies.pockets of low and high pressure air leaving a wake behind the airplane

Front 103

What will reduce form drag?

Back 103

Streamlining the aircraft

Front 104

what does more thrust usually mean?

Back 104

a bigger engine and more weight

Front 105

When is drag useful?

Back 105

when you want to slow down quickly you can deploy a speed break.

Front 106

churning of air is called what?

Back 106

turbulance

Front 107

What dloes turbulence reduce?

Back 107

the efficiency of the airfoil

Front 108

There is a point where the streamlines located in the boundary layer of air right next to the wing surface, will seprate from the airfoil What is this called?

Back 108

a stall

Front 109

What happenes in a stall?

Back 109

Once separation coours the air begins to flow more slowly and the lift producing low pressure on the thp of the wing is lost.

Front 110

Where the weight or useful lead is placed in the airplane has a pronounced effect on what?

Back 110

How well an airplane will fly.

Front 111

Thrust vectoring can be used to assist what?

Back 111

Lift, reduce the change of a stall or allow the aircraft to fly at extremely high angles of attack and very slowly

Front 112

For flight at slow speeds, below about 260 knots, air was assumed to be what?

Back 112

an incompressible fluid

Front 113

At higher speeds(supersonic) air at the leading edges of the vehicle can actually be what?

Back 113

compressed

Front 114

At higher speeds (supersonic)
air at the trailing edge of the vehicle can actually be what?

Back 114

expands

Front 115

What is a shock wave?

Back 115

sudden displacement and resulting wedge shaped wave

Front 116

what are two type of shock waves?

Back 116

compression wave and expansive wave

Front 117

What are compression wave and expansion wave?

Back 117

formed when the aire must move aside as a leading edgew passes and those formed when the air must fill back in a the trailing edge passes.

Front 118

When air flows across a shock wave it undergoes a change in what three things?

Back 118

temperation, pressure and velocity.

Front 119

what causes wave drag?

Back 119

Shock wave changes in temperature pressure and velocity.

Front 120

The air that moves across the shock waves is being what?

Back 120

violently altered.