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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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111-12-1. Minimum airspeed for takeoff
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20% above power off stall speed
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111-12-2. Minimum landing speed
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30% higher power off stall speed
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111-12-3. V(TO)
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1.2 * (2W / row*S*CLmax) ^ 0.5
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111-12-4. V(LDG)
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1.3 * (2W / row*S*CLmax) ^ 0.5
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111-12-5. Change to V(TO) and V(LDG) to IAS(TO) and IAS(LDG)
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substitue row for row(not)
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111-12-6. Rolling friction
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F(R) = mu * (W - L)
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111-12-7. Net accelerating force
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T - D - F(R)
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111-12-8. Net decelerating force
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D + F(R) - T
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111-12-9. Minimum takeoff distance
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S(TO) = W^2 / [g*p*S*CLmax*(T-D-F(R))]
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111-12-10. greatest factor in takeoff distance
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weight
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111-12-11. three major factors that decrease density
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increase elevation
increase temperature increase humidity Note: indicated a/s remains constant |
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111-12-12. worst conditions for t/o and lndg
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4-H club: high, hot, heavy, humid
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111-12-13. Purpose of high lift devices & examples
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Decrease t/o & landing distances (decrease both indicated and true takeoff speeds);
Examples: flaps, BLC |
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111-12-14. Landing distance
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S(LDG) = W^2 / [g*p*S*CLmax*(FR+D-T)]
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111-12-15. Three techniques to increase decelerating force during landing
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1. Aerodynamic braking - increasing the parasite drage by holding constant pitch attitude after touchdown. Also drag chutes, spoilers, and speed brakes.
2. Mechanical Braking - using wheels 3. Reverse thrust / reverse pitch prop / beta - shortens landing roll |
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111-12-16. Placement of ailerons during crosswind takeoff or landing.
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into wind, IOT overcome lateral stability trying to roll the airplane away from the crosswind.
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111-12-17. Maximum crosswind limits based on...
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minimum nosewheel liftoff/touchdown speed. 15kts for T-34C with full flaps. 22kts with no flaps.
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111-12-18. Ground effect
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reduces induced drag and increases effective lift when within one wingspan of ground.
1.4% at 33ft for T-34C. 23.5 |
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111-12-19. Hydroplaning occurs with at least...
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0.1 inches of standing water. Deeper tread may allow 2 inches of standing water.
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111-12-20. V(hydroplane) =
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9 * (tire pressure)^0.5
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111-12-21. T-34 hydroplaning speeds
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Nosewheel: 70psi, 75kts
Main Landing Gear: 90psi, 85kts |
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111-12-22. Wingtip vortexes
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sprialing masses of air that are formed at the wingtip; byproduct of lift
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111-12-23. Wingtip vortex behavior
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Sink rate: 400-500 fpm
Level off: 900 feet below flight path Laterally: 5kts Caution area: runways < 2,500 ft apart |
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111-12-24. Vortex strength dependency
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weight, speed, shape.
Greatest strength: heavy, slow, clean |
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111-12-25. FAA Weight classes
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Small: <12,500lbs
Large: 12,5000 to 300,000 lbs Heavy: 300,000 |
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111-12-26. FAA aircraft separation criteria
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2 minutes t/o; 2 min landing (large, 3 min landing (heavy)
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111-12-27. Spacing, small airplane and hovering helicopter
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3 rotor diameters
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111-12-28. Wind shear definition
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sudden change in wind direction / speed over short distance in atmosphere
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111-12-29. Wind shear causes
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jet streams, land/sea breezes, fronts, inversions, thunderstorms
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111-12-30. Two types of wind shear
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increasing and decreasing performance wind shear
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111-12-31. Wind shear, visual cues
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Virga, localized blowing dust (especially circular or elliptical patterns), rain shafts w/ rain diverging away from core of cell, lightning / tornado-like activity
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111-12-32. Wind shear alert systems
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LLWAS - Low Level Wind Shear Alert System; some Doppler radar systems; NEXRAD Doppler radar; PIREPS and Weather Alerts (best)
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