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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Location of plasma membranes
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-in all cells
-piece of lace - has openings -covers entire cell (eukaryotic) |
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General functions of plasma membranes
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-gives protection and exposes to outer environ
ment - nutrients in and waste out -nurish at same time as protection -gives cells its structure -provides boundaries |
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Lipids
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provides structure and stability, fluidity (not static), flexibility
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Primary purpose of lipids on plasma membranes
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structure and stability
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Categories of lipids according to their composition
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-phospholipids are important because they help to keep out potential poison; water soluble compounds. We want some water soluble compounds in the cells- not lots.
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Two categories of phospholipids on plasma membranes
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Phosphoglyceride- glycerol backbone, fatty acid and phosphate group
Sphingolipid- back bone of sphingosane- in brain and CNS |
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Two examples of phosphoglycerides abundant on plasma membranes both have glycerol backbone
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Phosphotidylcholine Phosphotidylethylamine
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mportance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components of the phospholipids on plasma membranes
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core= hydrophobic; which inhibits many water-soluble compounds from passing into and out of the cell. Also helps to retain essential water-soluble substances into the cell.
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Cholesterol - found in the hydro-phobic portion
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- 90% of the bodies cholesterol is found in the plasma membrane (our bodies make cholesterol in the liver and small intestine)
-Amount of plasma membrane cholesterol differs from tissue to tissue, -More cholesterol= more rigid and more stable -Less cholesterol= less rigid and less stable (more fluid) |
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Primary purpose of proteins on plasma membranes
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give membranes their functions: serve as pumps, gates, receptors, energy transducers and enzymes.
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Categories of plasma proteins according to their functions
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Na:K+ pump: use energy/ calories to allow things to go into cells to keep minerals and electrolytes in balance. On plasma membrane. Integral plasma membrane proteins.
GLUT: ? Sodium Channel: Don’t use energy or calories ? |
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Categories of plasma proteins according to their composition
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glycoproteins— proteins covalently bound to a carbohydrate. antenna that pick up messages from blood stream to cell
glycolipid- collection of glycoproteins on cell or tissue for signaling |
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Categories of plasma proteins according to their location on the plasma membrane
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Features of plasma membranes that distinguish them from other cell membranes
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Integral proteins
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receptors, channels and pumps. attached to the membrane through hydrophobic interactions and are embedded in the membrane. most receptors and carrier proteins
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Peripheral proteins
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associated with but not deeply imbedded. attached to integral proteins either directly or through intermediate. glycoproteins of the cell recognition complex.
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Features related to plasma membrane composition
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-located on outside-more carbohydrate than other membranes on the inside of the cell-more cholesterol in its structure-high susceptible to damage-free radicals
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Definition of “glycocalyx”
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the layer of glycoproteins and polysaccharide that surrounds many cells
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Vulnerability of plasma membranes to free radical attacks
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-free radicals- want to steal protons from lipids (phosphoglycerides) that make plasma membrane.
-free radicals love- polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids |
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Type of membrane damage caused by free radicals, and health implications
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-tissues and cells can be damaged from free radicals
-once its starts happening it keeps happening -oxidative damage- hydrogen removed and the free radical becomes stable |
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Category of compounds that can terminate free radical attacks, and examples
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-vitamins- C, E, A (beta carotene )-Minerals- Selenium
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Cytoplasm Location |
-gel like substance that other substances are embedded into (except the nucleus)
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Cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic matrix
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-made up of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
- dynamic and capable of reorganization as the needs of the cells change. -structural support -framework for positioning of various organelles-network to direct the movement of materials and organelles within the cells -a means of independent locomotion for specialized cells |
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Microfilaments and microtubules (cytoplasm)
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network of strands (train tracks) for communication and transportation- help provide structure to the cell, give support, bind surfaces to structures, protein chains (actin and myosin)
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Microfilaments |
made up of globular subunits of the protein actin which form a flexible, helical filament in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Microtubules |
are hollow relatively tubular structures. rigid enough to provide mechanical support for the cell and help determine its shape.
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Metabolic pathways in cytoplasm
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-glycolysis- enzymes in cytosol to allow this to happen
-hexomonophosphate shunt- makes sugars -glycogenesis- starts in the cytosol -glycogenolysis- also starts in the cytosol |
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Location of mitochondrial membrane |
-membrane inside the cell-piece of lace-highly important
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primary function of mitochondrial membrane |
-production of ATP- calorie or energy reserve
-organelle where glucose, fatty acids etc. -are broken down (oxidation, cellular respiration, etc.) to get nutrients |
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All cells except _____ have mitochondria |
RBC |
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Components of the mitochondria |
1- outer- face cytosol, permeable , lets things in2- inner- far away from cytosol, final products made here, not permeable
3- matrix- TCA cycle |
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inner mitochondiral membrane |
not permeable |
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mitochondiral cristae (IMM) |
many invaginations- which increase its surface area and all the components of the electron transport chain are embedded within it |
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Electron Transport Chain (IMM) |
-central to the process of oxidation phosphorylation, the mechanism by which most cellular ATP is produced.The components of the the e;electron transport chain carry electrons and hydrogens during catalytic oxidation of nutrient molecules by enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix.
-function of the electron transport chain is to couple the energy released by nutrient oxidation to the formation ATP |
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mitochondrial matrix |
catalyze TCA and fatty acid oxidation -TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation |
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outer mitochondrial membrane |
facing cytosol -very permeable |
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nucleus features |
largest organ in the body -DNA here -surrounded by a double membrane |
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nuclear envelope |
-double membrane surrounding the nucleus -allows for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasmic matrix and allows a continuous channel between the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum |
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genome |
entire set of genetic information- all of the DNA within the cell |
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mitosis |
the process of DNA replication enables the DNA to be precisely copied a all times |
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cytoplasmic microtubules |
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nuclear DNA |
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phases of protein synthesis |
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translation |
the process by which genetic information in an mRNA molecules specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product |
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elongation |
after the amino acids are positioned according to codon-anticodon association, peptide bonds are formed between the aligned amino acids |
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transcription |
the process by which the genetic information in a single strand of DNA makes a specific sequence of bases in a messenger RNA chain |
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gene expression |
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ribosomes |
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nucleotides |
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codons |
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peptide bonds |
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polypeptides |
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genome |
cells set of genetic information |
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location of the nucleoli |
condensed regions of chromatin within nuclear envelope |
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content of the nucleoli |
DNA, its associated alkaline proteins (histones) and considerable amounts of RNA |
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Rough ER |
-the granularity is determined by ribosomes -all proteins made here |
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ribosomes |
clusters that are freestanding in the cytosol are also the synthesis site for some proteins |
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9450 cytochrome enzyme system/ complex |
breaks down alcohol and medications (oxidize) in the liver -detox system |
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Smooth ER |
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sarcoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasm |
skeletal muscle of the smooth ER |
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calcium pumps |
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muscle contractions |
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location of golgi apparatus |
inside the cell, more than one -flat disks |
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tubular networks |
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cisternae |
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functions of the golgi |
functions closely with the ER in trafficking and sorting proteins synthesized in the cell and its particularly prominent in neurons and secretory cells |
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protein function of the golgi |
form in the RER -modifies body proteins -lipoproteins, cylomicrons, LDL, etc. have component on outside of the golgi and modifies before release. SI cells then have lots of golgi |
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carbohydrate function of golgi |
to make sugars, lactose |
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communication function of the golgi |
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location of the lysosomes |
embedded in cytosol -pouches that contain enzymes |
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enzymatic content of lysosomes |
contain hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes) |
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pH of lysosomes |
low pH- denature proteins |
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functions of lysosomes |
-recycle amino acids -hydrolyze phospholipids, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)- take the products of these hydrolysis reactions and re-use |
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phagocytosis (lysosomes) |
foreign substances taken up by the cell are digested or rendered harmless |
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waste production (lysosomes) |
taken up by capillary and despise mostly by kidneys |
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autolysis (lysosomes) |
-process of involving digestion of cell organelles when they are injured or old and need to get replaced -allows the cells to rejuvenated itself -mitochondria gets destroyed or digested about every 10 days |
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bone resorption and remodeling (lysosomes) |
-bones slowly break down and are re-built -osteoblast and osteoclast -resorption- osteoclast (destroying) bone de-mineralization and collagen destruction then minerals are replaced and new collagen is made- remodeling -poor diet can cause breakdown faster than remodeling *Calcium and vit D |
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hormone secretion and regulation (lysosomes) |
thyroid hormone- regulates basel metabolic rate, lysosomes in thyroid must be healthy |
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peroxisomes |
-cell organelle in cytoplasm -surrounded by their own membrane -pouches -have specific oxidation enzymes -breakdown big compounds into smaller compounds |
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acetyl CoA (peroxisomes) |
break down larger things to give us Acetyl CoA to travel out of the peroxisome to be used |
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amino acid metabolism (peroxisome) |
take some amino acids and break down to waste (if not recycling the amino acid) hydrogen peroxide (toxic to cells, can’t let build up) = waste product. Amino acid ___> H2O2 |
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H2O2 detoxification
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H2O2 is a very reactive chemical that could cause cellular damage is not promptly removed or converted. the enzyme catalase, present in large amounts in peroxisomes, degrades the potentially harmful H2O2 into water and oxygen
H2O2 ___> H2O + O Catalase |
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Alcohol catabolism
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Alcohol ___> acetaldehyde Alcohol
dehydrogenase |
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