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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absolute phrase |
adverbial phrase modifying a verb and consisting of a noun followed by and serving as the unique subject of a participial phrase |
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adverb |
a unit that modifies a verb, and adjective or another adverb |
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adverb clause |
a group of related words having a subject in the nominative case and a finite verb which functions within another clause as an adverb |
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article |
the words a, an, and the; traditionally considered a subclass of adjective |
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auxiliary |
forms of the verbs have, be, and do when they are used with principal very to indicate aspect, passive voice, or the interrogative mood |
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complement conjunction |
that, if, or whether, and than and as complement conjunctions have no grammatical function; they only signal the commencement of the clause they introduce |
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constitent |
any element found to the right of a "consists of" arrow in a PS rule |
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deep structure |
the structure of an utterance as it is generated by the PS rule before any T-rules have operated |
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degree modifier |
any modifier of an adjective or adverb which answers the question HOW? followed by the adjective or adverb |
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demonstrative determiner |
one of the four classes of determiner; the demonstrative determiners are that, this, those, and these when they precede and point to a noun; any adjective or adjectives describing the noun will follow the determiner |
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derivation |
a demonstration of how a deep structure arrives at its surface structure, including tree diagram of the deep structure followed by a description of each transformation necessary to bring it to its surface structure |
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determiner |
an optional constituent of a NP, which, if it is present, always comes first in the NP; made up of four distinct classes: articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, and possessive noun phrase |
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direct object |
a noun unit that, in the active voice, receives the action described in the verb; one of the seven noun functions |
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embedded clause |
also called lower clause; any clause that is contained within another clause |
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grammar |
the set of mental principles by which we create and understand language |
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node |
a constituent that has not reached its terminal but must be further differentiated following its own PS rule; thus, any constituent that is itself the subject of a PS rule |
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phrase |
term that applies to an entire utterance and to any unit- word, phrase, or clause- that fulfills a noun, verb, or modifying function |
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phrase-structure rules |
the theoretical representation of the mental principles by which speakers form distinct grammatical segments and put them in the appropriate relation to each other in creating a coherent utterance |
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recursion |
the linguistic phenomena that allows for the nesting of certain constructions, such as relative clauses or prepositional phrases, so that, theoretically, a sentence could be indefinitely long. Recursion is possible when a constituent of a node has its own PS rule containing the node of which it is a constituent |
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sentential-complement clause |
(CompP) an embedded clause that fills a NP slot and is therefore essential to both the logic and the structure of any phrase in which it occurs |
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surface structure |
the structure of a phrase as it is spoken or written as opposed to its deep structure |
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terminal |
the point at which phonetic or lexical info enters the linguistic process and phrase-structure syntax ends |
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transformational rules |
the description of the principles by which changes are effected upon a sentence as t is generated by the PS rules in order to arrive at its surface structure |
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upper clause |
a clause that contains another clause; also called a higher clause in relation to the clause it contains |
