Advanced English/world Vocabulary 3

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discursion

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Pronunciation[di-skur-shuhn]
–noun
1. an instance of discursive writing, speech, etc.; a wandering or logically unconnected statement.
2. the quality or characteristic of ranging from topic to topic; discursiveness; digressiveness.
3. the process or procedure of rigorous formal analysis or demonstration, as distinguished from immediate or intuitive formulation.

Front 2

endogamy

Back 2

marriage within a specific tribe or similar social unit.
en·dog·a·mous, en·do·gam·ic /ˌɛndoʊˈgæmɪk/ [en-doh-gam-ik] , adjective

Front 3

supervenience

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According to one standard definition, a set of properties A supervenes on a set of properties B, if and only if any two objects x and y which share all properties in B (are "B-indiscernible") must also share all properties in A (are "A-indiscernible")....
To give a somewhat simplified example, if psychological properties supervene on physical properties, then any two persons who are physically indistinguishable must also be psychologically indistinguishable; or equivalently, any two persons who are psychologically different (e.g., having different thoughts), must be physically different as well. Importantly, the reverse does not follow (supervenience is not symmetric): even if being the same physically implies being the same psychologically, two persons can be the same psychologically yet different physically: that is, psychological properties can be multiply realized in physical properties. . . .
Donald Davidson was the first to use the term to describe a broadly physicalist (and non-reductive) approach to the philosophy of mind. As he said in 1970, "supervenience might be taken to mean that there cannot be two events alike in all physical respects but differing in some mental respects, or that an object cannot alter in some mental respects without altering in some physical respects." [2]

In subsequent years Terry Horgan, David Lewis, and especially Jaegwon Kim formalized the concept and began applying it to numerous issues in the philosophy of mind.

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zeitgeist

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originally a German expression that means "the spirit of the age", literally translated as "time (Zeit) spirit (Geist)". It describes the intellectual and cultural climate of an era. In German, the word has more layers of meaning than the English translation, including the fact that Zeitgeist can only be observed for past events.

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alliteration

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[uh-lit-uh-rey-shuhn]
–noun
1. the commencement of two or more stressed syllables of a word group either with the same consonant sound or sound group (consonantal alliteration), as in from stem to stern, or with a vowel sound that may differ from syllable to syllable (vocalic alliteration), as in each to all. Compare consonance (def. 4a).
2. the commencement of two or more words of a word group with the same letter, as in apt alliteration's artful aid.

Front 6

disingenuous

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/ˌdɪsɪnˈdʒɛnyuəs/ [dis-in-jen-yoo-uhs]
–adjective
lacking in frankness, candor, or sincerity; falsely or hypocritically ingenuous; insincere: Her excuse was rather disingenuous.
[Origin: 1645–55; dis-1 + ingenuous]

—Related forms
dis·in·gen·u·ous·ly, adverb
dis·in·gen·u·ous·ness, noun

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fractious

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/ˈfrækʃəs/ [frak-shuhs]
–adjective
1. refractory or unruly: a fractious animal that would not submit to the harness.
2. readily angered; peevish; irritable; quarrelsome: an incorrigibly fractious young man.
[Origin: 1715–25; fracti(on) + -ous]

—Related forms
frac·tious·ly, adverb
frac·tious·ness, noun
—Synonyms 1. stubborn, difficult. 2. testy, captious, petulant, snappish, pettish, waspish, touchy.

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endonym

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a name for a place that is only used within that place by the local inhabitants, but not by outsiders.

Front 9

refractory

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/rɪˈfræktəri/ [ri-frak-tuh-ree] adjective, noun, plural -ries.
–adjective
1. hard or impossible to manage; stubbornly disobedient: a refractory child.
2. resisting ordinary methods of treatment.
3. difficult to fuse, reduce, or work, as an ore or metal.
–noun
4. a material having the ability to retain its physical shape and chemical identity when subjected to high temperatures.
5. refractories, bricks of various shapes used in lining furnaces.

1. not responding to treatment; "a stubborn infection"; "a refractory case of acne"; "stubborn rust stains"
2. temporarily unresponsive or not fully responsive to nervous or sexual stimuli; "the refractory period of a muscle fiber"
3. stubbornly resistant to authority or control; "a fractious animal that would not submit to the harness"; "a refractory child"

re·frac·to·ri·ly, adverb
re·frac·to·ri·ness, noun

—Synonyms 1. obstinate, perverse, mulish, headstrong, intractable, disobedient, recalcitrant, ungovernable. See unruly.
—Antonyms 1. obedient, tractable.

Front 10

syadvada, Syādvāda pronounced syaadavaada (स्यादवाद)

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Doctrine of Postulation of Jainism. Syādvāda provides the body of teachings or instruction which one uses to derive a postulate or axiom. The starting assumption or postulate is given as saptabhanginaya (the 7-fold predicate) from which other statements are logically derived. By using saptabhanginaya the theory of relativity encompasses the truths about one system or thought which are the same in one system as in another system in uniform motion relative to it. It is henceforth impossible to determine the truth of a system within its own thought structure, and such development or furtherance of various claims of truth can be observed only in relation to other systems in uniform motion resulting in a qualified prediction as shown in the theory of Manifold Predictions.[1] .

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polyglot

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/ˈpɒliˌglɒt/ [pol-ee-glot]
–adjective
1. able to speak or write several languages; multilingual.
2. containing, composed of, or written in several languages: a polyglot Bible.
–noun
3. a mixture or confusion of languages.
4. a person who speaks, writes, or reads a number of languages.
5. a book, esp. a Bible, containing the same text in several languages.

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Pratītyasamutpāda,
pratitya-samutpada pronounced pratiitya-samutpaada
प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद

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Buddhist doctrine of Dependent Arising. Common to all Schools of Buddhism, it states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect.
...
This is the understanding that any phenomenon ‘exists’ only because of the ‘existence’ of other phenomena in an incredibly complex web of cause and effect covering time past, time present and time future. This concept of a web is symbolized by Indra's net, a multidimensional spider's web on which lies an infinite amount of dew drops or jewels, and in these are reflected the reflections of all the other drops of dew ad infinitum.
...
Compare to Leibniz's Monadology.

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desultory

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/ˈdɛsəlˌtɔri, -ˌtoʊri/ [des-uhl-tawr-ee, -tohr-ee]
–adjective
1. lacking in consistency, constancy, or visible order, disconnected; fitful: desultory conversation.
2. digressing from or unconnected with the main subject; random: a desultory remark.
[Origin: 1575–85; < L désultōrius pertaining to a désultor (a circus rider who jumps from one horse to another), equiv. to désul-, var. s. of désilīre to jump down (dé- de- + -silīre, comb. form of salīre to leap) + -tōrius -tory1]

—Related forms
des·ul·to·ri·ly, adverb
des·ul·to·ri·ness, noun

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hajj

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pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah), the largest annual pilgrimage in the world. It is the fifth pillar of Islam... occurs roughly in the November-January timeframe. ... The pilgrimage is associated with the life of Muhammad, but the ritual of the Hajj itself was considered ancient even during his lifetime in the 7th century.
...

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hajji

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honorific title given to a Muslim person who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca,[1] and is often used to refer to an elder, since it takes time to accumulate the wealth to fund the travel. The title is placed before a person's name.

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mutatis mutandis

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The necessary changes having been made; having substituted new terms; with respective differences taken into consideration.
...
It carries the connotation that the reader should pay attention to the corresponding differences between the current statement and a previous one, although they are analogous.
...
"What we said about oil goes mutatis mutandis for natural gas."

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interlocutor

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/ˌɪntərˈlɒkyətər/ [in-ter-lok-yuh-ter]
–noun
1. a person who takes part in a conversation or dialogue.
2. the man in the middle of the line of performers in a minstrel troupe, who acts as the announcer and banters with the end men.
3. a person who questions; interrogator.

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tendentious

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/tɛnˈdɛnʃəs/ [ten-den-shuhs]
–adjective
having or showing a definite tendency, bias, or purpose: a tendentious novel.

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capricious

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/kəˈprɪʃəs, -ˈpriʃəs/ [kuh-prish-uhs, -pree-shuhs]
–adjective
1. subject to, led by, or indicative of caprice or whim; erratic: He's such a capricious boss I never know how he'll react.

—Related forms
ca·pri·cious·ly, adverb
ca·pri·cious·ness, noun

—Synonyms 1. variable, flighty, mercurial. See fickle.
—Antonyms 1. steady, constant, consistent.

Front 20

wildnet

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WiFi over long distance

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doomer

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One who generally predicts apocalypse and a dismal future.

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unregenerate

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/ˌʌnrɪˈdʒɛnərɪt/ [uhn-ri-jen-er-it]
–adjective Also, un·re·gen·er·at·ed /ˌʌnrɪˈdʒɛnəˌreɪtɪd/ [uhn-ri-jen-uh-rey-tid]
1. not regenerate; not renewed in heart and mind or reborn in spirit; unrepentant: an unregenerate sinner.
2. refusing to believe in the existence of God: an unregenerate atheist; an unregenerate skeptic.
3. unconvinced by or unconverted to a particular religion, sect, or movement; unreconstructed.
4. persisting in the holding of prior convictions; opposing new ideas, causes, etc.; stubborn; obstinate: an unregenerate reactionary.
5. not reformed; wicked; sinful; profligate; dissolute: an unregenerate way of life.
–noun
6. an unregenerate person.
[Origin: 1605–15; un-1 + regenerate]

—Related forms
un·re·gen·er·a·cy /ˌʌnrɪˈdʒɛnərəsi/ [uhn-ri-jen-er-uh-see]
un·re·gen·er·ate·ly, adverb

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reprobate

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/ˈrɛprəˌbeɪt/ [rep-ruh-beyt]
noun, adjective, verb, -bat·ed, -bat·ing.
–noun
1. a depraved, unprincipled, or wicked person: a drunken reprobate.
2. a person rejected by God and beyond hope of salvation.
–adjective
3. morally depraved; unprincipled; bad.
4. rejected by God and beyond hope of salvation.
–verb (used with object)
5. to disapprove, condemn, or censure.
6. (of God) to reject (a person), as for sin; exclude from the number of the elect or from salvation.
[Origin: 1400–50; late ME reprobaten < L reprobātus; ptp. of reprobāre to reprove]

—Related forms
rep·ro·ba·cy /ˈrɛprəbəsi/ [rep-ruh-buh-see] , rep·ro·bate·ness, noun
rep·ro·bat·er, noun

—Synonyms 1. tramp, scoundrel, wastrel, miscreant, wretch, rascal, cad, rogue. 2. outcast, pariah. 3. wicked, sinful, evil, corrupt. 5. reprehend, blame, rebuke, reprove.

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detournement

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artist's reuse of elements of well-known media to create new work with a different message

Front 25

multifarious

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/ˌmʌltəˈfɛəriəs/ [muhl-tuh-fair-ee-uhs]
–adjective
1. having many different parts, elements, forms, etc.
2. numerous and varied; greatly diverse or manifold: multifarious activities.

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irascible

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/ɪˈræsəbəl/ [i-ras-uh-buhl]
–adjective
1. easily provoked to anger; very irritable: an irascible old man.
2. characterized or produced by anger: an irascible response.

Front 27

dissemble

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/dɪˈsɛmbəl/ [di-sem-buhl] verb, -bled, -bling.
–verb (used with object)
1. to give a false or misleading appearance to; conceal the truth or real nature of: to dissemble one's incompetence in business.
2. to put on the appearance of; feign: to dissemble innocence.
3. Obsolete. to let pass unnoticed; ignore.
–verb (used without object)
4. to conceal one's true motives, thoughts, etc., by some pretense; speak or act hypocritically.
[Origin: 1490–1500; alter. (by assoc. with obs. semble to resemble) of ME dissimulen < L dissimulāre. See dis-1, simulate]

—Related forms
dis·sem·bler, noun
dis·sem·bling·ly, adverb

Front 28

modus vivendi

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an agreement between those who agree to differ.
...
For example, when two sides reach a modus vivendi regarding the territories disputed, even though they may not agree with each other's values or attitude, they have worked out a way of living with their differences. This sense of the term has been used as the keystone of the political philosophy espoused by John Gray.

Front 29

titrate

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to take a little at a time

Front 30

ersatz

Back 30

(ěr'zäts', ěr-zäts')
adj. Being an imitation or a substitute, usually an inferior one; artificial: ersatz coffee made mostly of chicory.

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malapropism

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/ˈmæləprɒpˌɪzəm/ [mal-uh-prop-iz-uhm]
–noun
1. an act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, esp. by the confusion of words that are similar in sound.
2. an instance of this, as in “Lead the way and we'll precede.”

Front 32

reification

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Reification (also known as hypostatization or concretism) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it represented a concrete, real event or physical entity.

Front 33

chicanery

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/ʃɪˈkeɪnəri, tʃɪ-/ [shi-key-nuh-ree, chi-]
–noun, plural -er·ies.
1. trickery or deception by quibbling or sophistry: He resorted to the worst flattery and chicanery to win the job.
2. a quibble or subterfuge used to trick, deceive, or evade.

Front 34

runnel

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a small channel, as for water.

Front 35

my·oc·lo·nus

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(mī-ŏk'lə-nəs)
n. A sudden twitching of muscles or parts of muscles, without any rhythm or pattern, occurring in various brain disorders.

my'o·clon'ic (mī'ə-klŏn'ĭk) adj.

Front 36

peroration

Back 36

grandiloquent speech

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pecuniary

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/pɪˈkyuniˌɛri/ [pi-kyoo-nee-er-ee]
–adjective
1. of or pertaining to money: pecuniary difficulties.
2. consisting of or given or exacted in money or monetary payments: pecuniary tributes.
3. (of a crime, violation, etc.) involving a money penalty or fine.

Front 38

pleroma

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a fullness; abundance, plenty

Front 39

val·or·ize

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/ˈvæləˌraɪz/ [val-uh-rahyz]
–verb (used with object), -ized, -iz·ing.
to provide for the maintaining of the value or price of (a commercial commodity) by a government's purchasing the commodity at the fixed price or by its making special loans to the producers.
—Related forms
val·or·i·za·tion, noun

Front 40

contemporaneous

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/kənˌtɛmpəˈreɪniəs/ [kuhn-tem-puh-rey-nee-uhs]
–adjective
living or occurring during the same period of time; contemporary.
[Origin: 1650–60; < L contemporāneus, equiv. to con- con- + tempor- (s. of tempus time) + -āneus (-ān(us) -an + -eus -eous)]

—Related forms
con·tem·po·ra·ne·i·ty /kənˌtɛmpərəˈniɪti/ [kuhn-tem-per-uh-nee-i-tee] con·tem·po·ra·ne·ous·ness, noun
con·tem·po·ra·ne·ous·ly, adverb

—Synonyms simultaneous, concurrent.

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leitmotif, leitmotiv

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a recurring musical theme, associated within a particular piece of music with a particular person, place, or idea. The word has also been used by extension to mean any sort of recurring theme, whether in music, literature, or the life of a fictional character or a real person.

Front 42

pellucid

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[puh-loo-sid]
–adjective
1. allowing the maximum passage of light, as glass; translucent.
2. clear or limpid: pellucid waters.
3. clear in meaning, expression, or style: a pellucid way of writing.

Front 43

enervate

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/v. ˈɛnərˌveɪt; adj. ɪˈnɜrvɪt/ [v. en-er-veyt; adj. i-nur-vit] verb, -vat·ed, -vat·ing, adjective
–verb (used with object)
1. to deprive of force or strength; destroy the vigor of; weaken.
–adjective
2. enervated.
[Origin: 1595–1605; < L énervātus weakened (ptp. of énervāre) equiv. to é- e- + nerv(us) sinew (see nerve) + -ātus -ate1; cf. AF enervir, F énerver]

—Related forms
en·er·va·tion, noun
en·er·va·tive, adjective
en·er·va·tor, noun

—Synonyms 1. enfeeble, debilitate, sap, exhaust.

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su·per·vene

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/ˌsupərˈvin/ [soo-per-veen]
–verb (used without object), -vened, -ven·ing.
1. to take place or occur as something additional or extraneous (sometimes fol. by on or upon).
2. to ensue.

su·per·ven·ience /ˌsupərˈvinyəns/ [soo-per-veen-yuhns] , su·per·ven·tion /ˌsupərˈvɛnʃən/ [soo-per-ven-shuhn] , noun
su·per·ven·ient /ˌsupərˈvinyənt/ [soo-per-veen-yuhnt] adjective

Front 45

Ipso facto

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directly translated as by the fact itself, which means that a certain effect is a direct consequence of the action in question, instead of being brought about by a subsequent action such as the verdict of a tribunal.
...
""Faustus had signed his life away, and was, ipso facto, incapable of repentance.""

Front 46

regenerate

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/v. rɪˈdʒɛnəˌreɪt; adj. rɪˈdʒɛnərɪt/ [v. ri-jen-uh-reyt; adj. ri-jen-er-it] , -at·ed, -at·ing, adjective
–verb (used with object)
1. to effect a complete moral reform in.
2. to re-create, reconstitute, or make over, esp. in a better form or condition.
3. to revive or produce anew; bring into existence again.
4. Biology. to renew or restore (a lost, removed, or injured part).
5. Physics. to restore (a substance) to a favorable state or physical condition.
6. Electronics. to magnify the amplification of, by relaying part of the output circuit power into the input circuit.
7. Theology. to cause to be born again spiritually.
–verb (used without object)
8. to come into existence or be formed again.
9. to reform; become regenerate.
10. to produce a regenerative effect.
11. to undergo regeneration.
–adjective
12. reconstituted or made over in a better form.
13. reformed.
14. Theology. born again spiritually.
[Origin: 1425–75; late ME (adj.) < L regenerātus, ptp. of regenerāre to bring forth again, equiv. to re- re- + generātus; see generate]

—Related forms
re·gen·er·a·ble, adjective
re·gen·er·ate·ness, noun

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vituperation

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/vaɪˌtupəˈreɪʃən, -ˌtyu-, vɪ-/ [vahy-too-puh-rey-shuhn, -tyoo-, vi-]
–noun
verbal abuse or castigation; violent denunciation or condemnation.
[Origin: 1475–85; < L vituperātiōn- (s. of vituperātio), equiv. to vituperāt(us) (see vituperate) + -iōn- -ion]

—Synonyms censure, vilification, spite, scolding, defamation, aspersion.
—Antonyms praise.

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shibboleth

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[shib-uh-lith, ‑leth]
–noun
1. a peculiarity of pronunciation, behavior, mode of dress, etc., that distinguishes a particular class or set of persons.
2. a slogan; catchword.
3. a common saying or belief with little current meaning or truth.
[Origin: < Heb shibbōleth lit., freshet, a word used by the Gileadites as a test to detect the fleeing Ephraimites, who could not pronounce the sound sh (Judges 12:4–6)]

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halcyon

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/ˈhælsiən/ [hal-see-uhn]
–adjective Also, hal·cy·o·ni·an /ˌhælsiˈoʊniən/ [hal-see-oh-nee-uhn] hal·cy·on·ic /ˌhælsiˈɒnɪk/ [hal-see-on-ik]
1. calm; peaceful; tranquil: halcyon weather.
2. rich; wealthy; prosperous: halcyon times of peace.
3. happy; joyful; carefree: halcyon days of youth.
4. of or pertaining to the halcyon or kingfisher.
–noun
5. a mythical bird, usually identified with the kingfisher, said to breed about the time of the winter solstice in a nest floating on the sea, and to have the power of charming winds and waves into calmness.
6. any of various kingfishers, esp. of the genus Halcyon.
7. (initial capital letter) Classical Mythology. Alcyone (def. 2).
[Origin: 1350–1400; < L < Gk halkyn, pseudo-etymological var. of alkyn kingfisher; r. ME alceon, alicion < L alcyōn < Gk]

—Synonyms 1. serene, placid, pacific, untroubled.

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callow

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/ˈkæloʊ/ [kal-oh]
–adjective
1. immature or inexperienced: a callow youth.
2. (of a young bird) featherless; unfledged.
–noun
3. a recently hatched worker ant.

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credulous

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/ˈkrɛdʒələs/ [krej-uh-luhs]
–adjective
1. willing to believe or trust too readily, esp. without proper or adequate evidence; gullible.
2. marked by or arising from credulity: a credulous rumor.

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ingenuous

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/ɪnˈdʒɛnyuəs/ [in-jen-yoo-uhs]
–adjective
1. free from reserve, restraint, or dissimulation; candid; sincere.
2. artless; innocent; naive.
3. Obsolete. honorable or noble.
—Related forms
in·gen·u·ous·ly, adverb
in·gen·u·ous·ness, noun

—Synonyms 1. frank, straightforward, open. 2. guileless.

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artless

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/ˈɑrtlɪs/ [ahrt-lis]
–adjective
1. free from deceit, cunning, or craftiness; ingenuous: an artless child.
2. not artificial; natural; simple; uncontrived: artless beauty; artless charm.
3. lacking art, knowledge, or skill.
4. poorly made; inartistic; clumsy; crude: an artless translation.
[Origin: 1580–90; art1 + -less]

—Related forms
art·less·ly, adverb
art·less·ness, noun

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saltationism

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/sælˈteɪʃəˌnɪzəm/ [sal-tey-shuh-niz-uhm]
–noun Biology.
any of several theories holding that the evolution of species proceeds in major steps by the abrupt transformation of an ancestral species into a descendant species of a different type, rather than by the gradual accumulation of small changes.

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veridical

Back 55

/vəˈrɪdɪkəl/ [vuh-rid-i-kuhl]
–adjective
1. truthful; veracious.
2. corresponding to facts; not illusory; real; actual; genuine.
Also, ve·rid·ic.

[Origin: 1645–55; < L véridicus (vér(us) true + -i- -i- + -dicus speaking) + -al1]

—Related forms
ve·rid·i·cal·i·ty, noun
ve·rid·i·cal·ly, adverb

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amanuensis

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/əˌmænyuˈɛnsɪs/ [uh-man-yoo-en-sis]
–noun, plural -ses /-siz/ [-seez]
a person employed to write what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another; secretary.

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anhedonia

Back 57

x/ˌænhiˈdoʊniə/ [an-hee-doh-nee-uh]
–noun Psychology.
lack of pleasure or of the capacity to experience it.
[Origin: 1895–1900; < Gk an- an-1 + hédon() pleasure + -ia -ia]

—Related forms
an·he·don·ic /ˌænhiˈdɒnɪk/ [an-hee-don-ik] adjective

Front 58

deliquesce

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/ˌdɛlɪˈkwɛs/ [del-i-kwes]
–verb (used without object), -quesced, -quesc·ing.
1. to become liquid by absorbing moisture from the air, as certain salts.
2. to melt away.
3. Botany. to form many small divisions or branches.
...
intr.v. del·i·quesced, del·i·quesc·ing, del·i·quesc·es

1.
1. To melt away.
2. To disappear as if by melting.
3. To branch out into numerous subdivisions that lack a main axis, as the stem of an elm.
4. To become fluid or soft on maturing, as certain fungi.
2. Chemistry To dissolve and become liquid by absorbing moisture from the air.
3. Botany
1. To branch out into numerous subdivisions that lack a main axis, as the stem of an elm.
2. To become fluid or soft on maturing, as certain fungi.

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metanoia

Back 59

/ˌmɛtəˈnɔɪə/ [met-uh-noi-uh]
–noun
a profound, usually spiritual, transformation; conversion.

Front 60

animadversion

Back 60

/ˌænəmædˈvɜrʒən, -ʃən/ [an-uh-mad-vur-zhuhn, -shuhn]
–noun
1. an unfavorable or censorious comment: to make animadversions on someone's conduct.
2. the act of criticizing.
[Origin: 1590–1600; < L animadversiōn- (s. of animadversiō) a heeding, censure, equiv. to animadvers(us) (ptp. of animadvertere to heed, censure; see animadvert) + -iōn- -ion]

—Related forms
an·i·mad·ver·sion·al, adjective

—Synonyms 1. aspersion, reflection, derogation.
...
Strong criticism.

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autodidact

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/ˌɔtoʊˈdaɪdækt, -daɪˈdækt/ [aw-toh-dahy-dakt, -dahy-dakt]
–noun
a person who has learned a subject without the benefit of a teacher or formal education; a self-taught person.
[Origin: 1525–35; < Gk autodídaktos self-taught; see auto-, didactic]

—Related forms
au·to·di·dac·tic, adjective
au·to·di·dac·ti·cal·ly, adverb

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spagyric

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/spəˈdʒɪərɪk/ [spuh-jeer-ik]
–adjective
pertaining to or resembling alchemy; alchemic.
Also, spa·gyr·i·cal.

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a·ce·di·a

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/əˈsidiə/ [uh-see-dee-uh]
–noun
1. sloth (def. 1). Compare deadly sins.
2. laziness or indifference in religious matters.