Advanced Biology I Exam

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Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study

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the inheritance of traits

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Offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits

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are called hybrids

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Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to

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make controlled crosses between plants

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Gregor Mendel concluded that traits are

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inherited through the passing of factors from parents to offspring

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When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited

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an allele for tallness from the tal parent and an allele for shortness from the short parent

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The principle of dominance states that

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some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

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A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. If the tall F1 pea plants are allowed to self-pollinate,

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some of the offspring will be tall, and some will be short

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When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails?

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1/2

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The principles of probability can be used to

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predict the traits of the offspring produced by genetic crosses

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In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that an F2 plant will be tall is

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75%

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Organisms that have two identical allels for a particular trait are said to be

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homozygous

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What principle states that during gamete formation genes for different traits separate without influencing each other's inheritance?

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Principle of independent assortment

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How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?

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2

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Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called

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incomplete dominance

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A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all speckled offspring (BBWW). This type of inheritance is known as

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codominance

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Gregor Mendel's principles of genetics apply to

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all organisms

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Why did Thomas Hunt Morgan use fruit flies in his studies?

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fruit flies produce a large number of offspring

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A male and female bison that are both heterozygous for normal skin pigmentation (Aa) produce an albino offspring (aa) Which of Mendel's principles explains why the offspring is albino?

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dominance and segregation

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The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol

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N

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If an organims's diploid nuber is 12, its haploid number is

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6

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Chromosomes form tetrads during

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prophase I of meiosis

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What happens between meiosis I and meiosis II that reduces the number of chromosomes?

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replicatoin does not occur

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of...

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haploid cells

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of...

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four genetically different cells

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Linked genes

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are on the same chromosome

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Gene maps are based on

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the frequencies of crossing-over between genes.

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If two genes are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently,

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the genes are probably located close to each other

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The farthur apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the

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less likely they are to be inherited together.

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How many sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell?

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2

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The gene map of a fruit fly's chromosome 2 shows the relative locations of the star eye, dumpy wing, and black body genes to be 1.3, 13.0, and 48.5, respectively. Between which two genes does cross-over occur most frequently?

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star eye and black body

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RNA contains the sugar

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ribose

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Gene regulation in eukaryotes

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allows for cell specialization

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Genes contain instructions for assembling

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proteins

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What happens during the process of translation?

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The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.

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When E. Coli is grown on glucose,

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the lac repressor binds to the operator of the lac operon

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Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis?

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messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

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How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?

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3

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Which type of RNA functions as a bluepring of the genetic code?

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mRNA

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Specialized cells regulate the expression of genes because they..

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do not need the proteins that are specified by certain genes.

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Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon?

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There are 64 different kinds of codons but only 20 amino acids.

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If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is

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turned on and off at different times

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DNA replicatoin results in two DNA molecules

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each with one new strand and one original strand

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What would Hershey and Chase have concluded if both radioactive 32P and 35S were found in the bacteria in their experiment?

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both the virus's protein coat and its DNA were injected into the bacteria

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Unlike DNA, RNA contains

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uracil

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In eukaryotes, DNA

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is located in the nucleus

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Hox genes determine an animal's

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basic body plan

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Avery's experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by

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DNA

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Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of

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pyrimidines in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines

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During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases

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GATCCA

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A mutation that involvues one or a few nucleoties is caled a

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point mutation

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What is produced during transcription

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RNA molecules

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DNA is copied during a process called

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replication

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Selective breeding produces

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desired traits in offspring

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The crossing of buffalo and cattle to produce beefalo is an example of

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hybridizatiion

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One functoin of gel electrophoresis is to

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separate DNA fragments

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The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called

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genetic engineering

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A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as

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recombinant DNA

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Analyzing DNA by gel electrophoresis allows researchers to

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identify similarities and differences in the genomes of diffferent kinds of organisms

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During transformation

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a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell

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A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't is called a(an)..

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genetic marker

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Which is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?

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Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins in large amounts

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What has been an advantage of producing transgenic plants?

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increasing the food supply

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The Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut cloned a

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sheep

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What kind of cell or cells were used to make Dolly?

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body cell and egg cell

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Humans use selective breeding to pass desired _____ on to the next generatoin of organisms.

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traits

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_____________ is the technique of selective breeding that has led to deformities in certain dog breeds.

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Inbreeding

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Scientists use radiation and chemicals to induce __________.

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mutations

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What is a plasmid?

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circular strand of DNA

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What is a transgenic organism?

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An organism with a gene from another organism.

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In what ways has selective breeding been useful to humans today and in the past?

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Selective breeding has produced crops that have the trait of one organism, such as food quantity, and the trait of another organism, such as taste quality, into one crop. This has given humans more food that tastes better.

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In what general ways are transgenic organisms useful to people today?

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Transgenic organisms produce clotting factors, insulin, and many other things. There is a transgenic bacteria that can clean up oil spills.

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How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?

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46

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In humans, a male has

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one X chromosome and one Y chrosome

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Human females produce egg cells that have

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one X chromosome

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What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female?

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50%

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A human female inherits

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one copy of every gene located on each of the X chromosomes

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In a pedigree, a circle represents a(an)

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female

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If a man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce an offspring, what might be the offspring's blood type?

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A, B, AB, or O

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Alleles found on the same chromosomes

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are linked

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Most sex-linked genes are located on

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the X chromosome only

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The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called

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nondisjunction

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If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis,

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some gametes may have an extra copy of some genes

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Scientists test for alleles that cause human genetic disorders by

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detecting the DNA sequences found in those alleles

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The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that

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no two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA.

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If a couple has five boys, the probability that the next child will be a boy is ___________.

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50%

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A(an) ____________ is a diagram that follows the inheritance of a single gene through several generations of a family.

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pedigree chart

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The alleles IA and ______ for the ABO blood group are codominant.

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IB

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A boy who has hemophilia inherited the disorder from his _________.

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mother

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Why does Huntington's disease remain in the human population, even though it is fatal and is caused by a dominant allele?

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Huntington's disease is most commonly found in people between 30-40. Most individuals have had children by then, causing Huntington's disease to be passed on and remain in the human population.