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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
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To bring O2 and nutrients to cells and remove wastes
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What are the dimensions of the heart?
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Around 14 cm long and 9 cm wide
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What organ does the heart rest on?
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The diaphram
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What is the mediastinum?
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A membranous partition between two body cavities - in this case - it encloses the heart from the lungs
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Describe how cardiac cells grow.
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Cells DO NOT grow in number - they simply acquire more nuclei and organelles
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What is the pericardium?
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The layered covering that encloses the heart
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List the layers of the pericardium.
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1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium |
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What is the function of the epicardium?
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It protects the heart by reducing friction
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What is the function of the myocardium?
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Consists mainly of cardiac muscle - pumps the blood through the heart's chambers
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What is the function of the endocardium?
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Contains elastic and collagenous fibers, blood vessels, and specialized cardiac muscle fibers - PURKINJE FIBERS
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What is the pericardial cavity?
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The space between the myocardium and the epicardium; it contains a small amount of liquid to reduce friction from heart movements
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Does the right atrium send or receive blood? What veins /arteries are involved in this?
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It receives DEoxegenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus
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What valve separates the right chambers?
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The tricuspid valve
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What valve separates the right ventricle from the lungs?
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The pulmonary valve
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Does the right ventricle send or receive blood? What veins/arteries are involved in this?
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It sends DEoxegenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk/arteries
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Does the left atrium send or receive blood? What veins /arteries are involved in this?
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The left atrium receives oxegenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins - 4 (two each lung)
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What valve separates the two left chambers?
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The bicuspid valve
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What valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta?
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The aortic valve
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Does the left ventricle send or receive blood? What veins/arteries are involved in this?
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The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta
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What separates the right and left chambers of the heart?
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The septum
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What does the skeleton of the heart consist of?
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Fibrous rings that enclose the bases of the pulmonary artery and aorta
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What supplies blood to the myocardium?
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The coronary arteries
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How does the fore-mentioned blood return to the right atrium?
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It returns via the cardiac veins and coronary sinus
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What happens during a cardiac cycle and how long does this take?
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The atria contract while the ventricles relax relax and vice-versa - this makes one heart beat; .8 seconds
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What happens during atrial systole?
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The atrium forces blood into the ventricles
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What happens during atrial diastole?
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The atrium refills with blood
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What happens during the "lubb"?
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The ventricles contract and the artery/vein valves are closing
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What happens during the "dupp"?
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The ventricles relax and the pulmonary and aortic valves close
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What is syncytium?
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A mass of merging cells that function as a unit
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What happens when any part of a syncytium is stimulated?
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The whole thing contracts
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What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?
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This system initiates and conducts impulses throughout the myocardium
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What is the scientific name for the pacemaker?
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The sinotrial node
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Describe the path of an impulse
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The impulse moves slowly from the sinotrial node to the atrioventricular node, it then moves quickly along the AV bundles and Purkinje fibers
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What is an electrocariogram?
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It records the electrical changes in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
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What types of waves are produced during the cardiac cycle? What do each mean?
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P waves - atrial depolarization
QRS waves - ventricle depolarization T waves - ventricle repolarization |
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How is the cardiac cycle regulated?
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Exercise, body temperature, concentrations of various ions;
SYMP/PARASYMP nerves control AV nodes and S nodes; The medulla oblongata regulates impulses to the heart |
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What 3 layers do the walls of arteries consist of? What do they do?
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Tunica Externa - Connective Tissue fibrous and collagenous fiibers
Tunica Media - Smooth muscle - contracts Tunica Interna - Smooth and release biochemicals to decrease friction |
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What is the constriction of blood vessels? Relaxation?
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Vasocontstriction; Vasodilation
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What controls the amount of blood flow to the capillaries?
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Precapillary sphincters
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What is the most import means of transport in capillaries?
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Diffusion
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What causes a net decrease in fluid in capillaries
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Filtration
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What causes a net increase in fluid?
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Osmosis
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What is systolic pressure? Diastolic?
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When ventricles contract; relax
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What are four factors that effect arterial blood pressure
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Ability of heart, blood volume, peripheral resistance, viscosity
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What are three factors of blood pressure?
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Peripheral resistance and mechanisms that control heart output, more blood volume, medulla oblongata controls output
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What controls venous blood flow?
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skeletal muscle contractions, valves in veins, venoconstriction
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What is the pulmonary circuit?
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Vessels taking blood to lungs and back
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What is the systemic circuit?
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Vessels take blood to the body and back
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What are the major branches of the aorta?
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Coronary, braciocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian artery
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What does the abdominal Aorta diverge into?
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The right and left common iliac arteries
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What is the main supply to the brain?
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internal carotid artery
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Face and neck?
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External carotid artery
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lower limbs?
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external iliac artery
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What are 4 characteristics of venous pathways?
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return blood to heart, paralel arteries, capilaries - venules - veins, all veins join into inferior and superior vena cava
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What is the hepatic portal system
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blood from stomach and intestines are sent to the liver - low in O2 high in nutrients
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What are Kupferr cells?
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They destroy bacteria that inter liver from intestinal capillaries
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