Advanced Biology - Cardiovascular System

Front 1

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Back 1

To bring O2 and nutrients to cells and remove wastes

Front 2

What are the dimensions of the heart?

Back 2

Around 14 cm long and 9 cm wide

Front 3

What organ does the heart rest on?

Back 3

The diaphram

Front 4

What is the mediastinum?

Back 4

A membranous partition between two body cavities - in this case - it encloses the heart from the lungs

Front 5

Describe how cardiac cells grow.

Back 5

Cells DO NOT grow in number - they simply acquire more nuclei and organelles

Front 6

What is the pericardium?

Back 6

The layered covering that encloses the heart

Front 7

List the layers of the pericardium.

Back 7

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Front 8

What is the function of the epicardium?

Back 8

It protects the heart by reducing friction

Front 9

What is the function of the myocardium?

Back 9

Consists mainly of cardiac muscle - pumps the blood through the heart's chambers

Front 10

What is the function of the endocardium?

Back 10

Contains elastic and collagenous fibers, blood vessels, and specialized cardiac muscle fibers - PURKINJE FIBERS

Front 11

What is the pericardial cavity?

Back 11

The space between the myocardium and the epicardium; it contains a small amount of liquid to reduce friction from heart movements

Front 12

Does the right atrium send or receive blood? What veins /arteries are involved in this?

Back 12

It receives DEoxegenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

Front 13

What valve separates the right chambers?

Back 13

The tricuspid valve

Front 14

What valve separates the right ventricle from the lungs?

Back 14

The pulmonary valve

Front 15

Does the right ventricle send or receive blood? What veins/arteries are involved in this?

Back 15

It sends DEoxegenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk/arteries

Front 16

Does the left atrium send or receive blood? What veins /arteries are involved in this?

Back 16

The left atrium receives oxegenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins - 4 (two each lung)

Front 17

What valve separates the two left chambers?

Back 17

The bicuspid valve

Front 18

What valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

Back 18

The aortic valve

Front 19

Does the left ventricle send or receive blood? What veins/arteries are involved in this?

Back 19

The left ventricle sends oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta

Front 20

What separates the right and left chambers of the heart?

Back 20

The septum

Front 21

What does the skeleton of the heart consist of?

Back 21

Fibrous rings that enclose the bases of the pulmonary artery and aorta

Front 22

What supplies blood to the myocardium?

Back 22

The coronary arteries

Front 23

How does the fore-mentioned blood return to the right atrium?

Back 23

It returns via the cardiac veins and coronary sinus

Front 24

What happens during a cardiac cycle and how long does this take?

Back 24

The atria contract while the ventricles relax relax and vice-versa - this makes one heart beat; .8 seconds

Front 25

What happens during atrial systole?

Back 25

The atrium forces blood into the ventricles

Front 26

What happens during atrial diastole?

Back 26

The atrium refills with blood

Front 27

What happens during the "lubb"?

Back 27

The ventricles contract and the artery/vein valves are closing

Front 28

What happens during the "dupp"?

Back 28

The ventricles relax and the pulmonary and aortic valves close

Front 29

What is syncytium?

Back 29

A mass of merging cells that function as a unit

Front 30

What happens when any part of a syncytium is stimulated?

Back 30

The whole thing contracts

Front 31

What is the function of the cardiac conduction system?

Back 31

This system initiates and conducts impulses throughout the myocardium

Front 32

What is the scientific name for the pacemaker?

Back 32

The sinotrial node

Front 33

Describe the path of an impulse

Back 33

The impulse moves slowly from the sinotrial node to the atrioventricular node, it then moves quickly along the AV bundles and Purkinje fibers

Front 34

What is an electrocariogram?

Back 34

It records the electrical changes in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

Front 35

What types of waves are produced during the cardiac cycle? What do each mean?

Back 35

P waves - atrial depolarization
QRS waves - ventricle depolarization
T waves - ventricle repolarization

Front 36

How is the cardiac cycle regulated?

Back 36

Exercise, body temperature, concentrations of various ions;
SYMP/PARASYMP nerves control AV nodes and S nodes;
The medulla oblongata regulates impulses to the heart

Front 37

What 3 layers do the walls of arteries consist of? What do they do?

Back 37

Tunica Externa - Connective Tissue fibrous and collagenous fiibers
Tunica Media - Smooth muscle - contracts
Tunica Interna - Smooth and release biochemicals to decrease friction

Front 38

What is the constriction of blood vessels? Relaxation?

Back 38

Vasocontstriction; Vasodilation

Front 39

What controls the amount of blood flow to the capillaries?

Back 39

Precapillary sphincters

Front 40

What is the most import means of transport in capillaries?

Back 40

Diffusion

Front 41

What causes a net decrease in fluid in capillaries

Back 41

Filtration

Front 42

What causes a net increase in fluid?

Back 42

Osmosis

Front 43

What is systolic pressure? Diastolic?

Back 43

When ventricles contract; relax

Front 44

What are four factors that effect arterial blood pressure

Back 44

Ability of heart, blood volume, peripheral resistance, viscosity

Front 45

What are three factors of blood pressure?

Back 45

Peripheral resistance and mechanisms that control heart output, more blood volume, medulla oblongata controls output

Front 46

What controls venous blood flow?

Back 46

skeletal muscle contractions, valves in veins, venoconstriction

Front 47

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Back 47

Vessels taking blood to lungs and back

Front 48

What is the systemic circuit?

Back 48

Vessels take blood to the body and back

Front 49

What are the major branches of the aorta?

Back 49

Coronary, braciocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian artery

Front 50

What does the abdominal Aorta diverge into?

Back 50

The right and left common iliac arteries

Front 51

What is the main supply to the brain?

Back 51

internal carotid artery

Front 52

Face and neck?

Back 52

External carotid artery

Front 53

lower limbs?

Back 53

external iliac artery

Front 54

What are 4 characteristics of venous pathways?

Back 54

return blood to heart, paralel arteries, capilaries - venules - veins, all veins join into inferior and superior vena cava

Front 55

What is the hepatic portal system

Back 55

blood from stomach and intestines are sent to the liver - low in O2 high in nutrients

Front 56

What are Kupferr cells?

Back 56

They destroy bacteria that inter liver from intestinal capillaries