Advanced Animal Behaviour

Front 1

important aspects of the 18th century

Back 1

beginning of ethology

Front 2

charles georges leroy

Back 2

1723-1789

considered first real ethologist

field research

created ethogram and action patterns

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3 subgroups of behavioural biology

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ethology

sociobiology

behavioural ecology

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who created sociobiology

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e.o.wilson

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who influenced sciences of the 19th century

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darwin, wallace, cabanis, lamarck

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who termed the word ethology

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saint-hilaire son

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Uexkull

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1864-1944

precursor for zoosemiotics

interested in FAPs and signed stimuli

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Romanes

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used lots of anecdotes, gave animals emotions

popularized publication of ethology research

angered ethologists, leading to creation of behaviourists

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romans opinion on levels of thought, which are held by humans and/or animals

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simple thought: humans and animals

complex thought: some animals and humans

abstract thought: humans

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thorndicke

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studied learning and problem solving in animals

created law of effect (importance of reinforcement)

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three ethologists who win the nobel prize in 1973. what animal did they all have in common

Back 11

tinbergen

lorenz

von frisch

all studied fish

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von frisch nobel prize subject

what fish did they study

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hearing and fear pheromones in fish

when you place an injured fish in a tank, the others swim away

- minnows

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Lorenz nobel prize subject

- what fish did they study

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research on implanting and the instinctual qualities of agression

cichlids

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tinbergen nobel prize subject

- what fish did they study

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4 legs of ethology

sticklebacks

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what are the 4 legs of ethology

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causation

development

evolution

function

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Harlow experiments

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raised rhesus monkeys in isolation to see if it would effect their social and sexual behaviour

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Kuo

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defined epigenetics as an interaction between genes and the environment

G + E + (GxE)

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behaviourists core beliefs

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cant study something that isnt tangible

dont consider emotion

brain isnt relevant to behaviour

use of lab conditions

doubt ethologists

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ethologists

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dont care about emotion

believe behaviour is found in the brain

use of field tests

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behaviourist or cognitive? US

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behaviourist

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behaviourist or cognitive? Europe

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cognitive

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behaviourist or cognitive? canada

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both

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functionalism

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believe evolution and natural selection shapes behaviour over time

influenced by darwin

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who was the father of behaviourism

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john broadus watson

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Robert Hinde

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zoologist

first to say the nature vs. nurture debate needs to end

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Breland Breland study results

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racoon couldnt place coin in jar

showed that some things can't be taught as they arent part of the animals behavioural repertoire or FAP

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wheeler

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created info theory

"it from bit" everything can be reduced to bits

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when did cognition start

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the 60s

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D R Griffin

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father of cognitive ethology

tries to explain cognition with conscioussness and awareness

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Kholer

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animals have insight

gestaltist

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gestaltism

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study of optical illusions and problem solving

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fixed vs. scheduled reinforcement

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scheduled = reinforcement after every occurence

fixed = reinforced after a certain amount of time

fixed is harder to get rid of

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how does cognitivism view stimuli

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not that important

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modern gibsonism

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everything we do is dependent on what the environment has to offer

Front 35

semiotics

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influence by ethology and biology

theory of how info works

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whitehead

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linked epigenetics and culture

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zoosemiotics view of stimulus

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it is only important if it is part of the animals natural environment

Front 38

Information theory

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came from engineers

form basis of neural networks

idea that there is noise in communication

things are made up of bits

tries to reduce uncertainty

sensitive to time

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what language should you use in noisy channel

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english, it is shorter and simpler

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systems theory: which did it have a greater impact on

biology

physiology

neuro

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greater effect on biology and physiology

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mortin principle

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low vocalizations: show threatening mood

high vocalizations: show friendly mood

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what are the first vocalizations made by wolves at a meeting

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a friendly squeek

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decision (prospect) theory

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view animals as decision makers for resources

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entropy

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lack of order

defines info based on lack of info

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deacons absential view

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talks about the importance of the number zero

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binary system

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combinations of 0 and 1 to see if something is present or absent

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practical example of problem solving using info theory

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separate square by halves until you narrow in on the sight

uses binary

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how does shannon define entropy

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the measure of suprise

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what is a remedy against entropy

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redundancy

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what happens when you increase redundancy

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less efficiency

better error correction

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what is the relationship between predicability and redundancy

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more predictable = more redundant

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zoosemiotics

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understand animals by studying the signs they leave behind, dont need to interact with them directly

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what is the style of publications in zoosemiotics

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observational

dont discuss emotions

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social neuroscience

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highlights the importance of emotions in behaviours

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how do you study communication

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in dyads

between emitter and reciever

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representation

ex.

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emitter is present, receiver is absent

ex. when a bird signs, but there is no other bird listening

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signification

ex.

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reciever is present, emitter is absent

ex. when coyote sniffs urine mark by a wolf

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advantages of communicating with pheromones

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they last a long time

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6 components of animal communication

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1. source

2. reciever

3. channel

4. code

5. message

6. context

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what is the code

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the form or structure of the message

the language syntax

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what is the message

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the potential meanings

semantics

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what is the context

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physical or social

pragmatics

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theory of mind

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the importance of what communication means

looks at empathy and if animals have it

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weakness of zoosemiotics perspective

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what motivates the animal

is there an affect

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when are emotions important in communication

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in social interactions

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sign vs. signal

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signal's carry info via communications

sign's carry info by providing evidence of an animal

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episematics

ex. for within pop and within group

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intra-species identity markers

within pop: markings on sub-pops of orcas

within group: pheromones found in rodent colonies

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non-communicative behaviour

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un-targeted recievers

camouflage

mimicry

complex behaviours

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octopus camoflauge ex.

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if there is a male on one side and a female on the other, it will show an angry colour to the male and a friendly color to the female

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mimicry ex.

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dunnock dont recognize when cuckoo birds place their eggs in their nest

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ex. of complex behaviours

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ritualized behaviours (courtship, status)

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how do you identify an alpha wolf

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their tendency to pee higher

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aposematic communication

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visual

used between species to signal danger

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focus of behavioural ecology

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focus on function

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focus of ethology and zoosemiotics

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the structure of the behaviour

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ethogram

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catalogue of behaviours

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semiogram

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catalogue of signs

Front 78

function of behavioural ecology and sociobiology

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behaviour

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function of animal psychology and neuroscience

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causation

process

mechanisms

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zoosyntactics

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importance of rules and structure in behaviour

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zoosymantics

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importance of meaning

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ex. do chickadees communicate via chirping

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yes there is a difference in meaning b/w calls and song

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zoopragmatics

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context dependent

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Gadbois studies on zooprosodics

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look at action sequence carefully and notice a pattern

how intense it is relates to expression

loudness of syllables matters

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structural analyses

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horizontal: sytagmatic analysis (surface structure of message)

vertical: paradigmatic analysis (deeper meaning)

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spatio-temporal sign

ex.

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most commonly discussed

correlation between time and space

ex. pheromones

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iconic sign

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clear similarity between object and sign

ex. gestures or dance

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ethological zoosemiotics focus

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behaviour

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anthropological zoosemiotics focus

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animal-human relationship

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fundamental zoosemiotics fous

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theories and theory testing

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applied zoosemiotics

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applied research

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tavolga types of communication

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based on level of interaction

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levels of interaction

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vegetative

tonic

phasic

signal

symbolic

linguistic

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vegetative level

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physical presence affects behaviour

ex. plants

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tonic level

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reaction to something in the environment

ex. tracking predators

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phasic level

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more than one channel used

ex. differences in sex, species

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signal level

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specialized structures recieve the signal

importance of biosocial organization

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symbolic level

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something represents something else

ex. facial expressions

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linguistic level

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speech

only seen in humans

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types of communication defined by jackobson

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based on the function of signs

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types of communications

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expressive

conative

phatic

referential

metacommunicative

aesthetic/poetic

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expressive communication

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oriented towards sender

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conative communication

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oriented towards recipient

Front 104

phatic communication

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oriented towards relationship between sender and reciever

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referential communication

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oriented towards content and context

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metacommunicative

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oriented towards code

ex. talking about writing

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aesthetic/ poetic communication

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uniquely human

oriented towards message

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ethological perspective on rules

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structure

temporal and spatial patterns (form)

social groups have structure to avoid conflict

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frans de Waal (2003)

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social grammar -> rules on behaviour in a social context

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grammar

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study of syntax

rules that govern pattern and structure

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syntax

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behaviour patterns

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rules

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relations of actions or behaviours

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efficiency

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rules are simpler than the behaviour they generate

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adaptibility

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rules change overtime

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local rules

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whats happening immediately around you

Front 116

ex. of local rules

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when wolves all hunt the same prey, they act individually and all go for the same one due to rules

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what drives the changing of rules

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evolution

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who studied fixed action patterns

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lorenz and tinbergen

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who studied modal action patterns

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barlow, beach and schleidt

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characteristics of FAP

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genetically encoded

no individual differences

not learnt

no effect of sensory feedback

predictable

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why was FAP renamed modal action pattern

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to account for different degrees of the behaviour

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basic process of FAP

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sign stimulus

innate releasing mechanism

FAP (action)

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reflex vs. fap

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CNS modulates FAP behaviour via a pattern generator

reflex uses central relay

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ex. FAP

voles reaction to avian predators

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when it flies left, they do nothing (assume its a goose)

when it flies right, they groom (assume its a hawk)

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food caching sequence in canids

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carry and site inspection

pawing and digging

tamping and scooping

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social organization or disorganization

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measure groups via multiple dyads

best way to analyze is with pictures

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sociometry

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mathematical model to make sense of dyads

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sociograms

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social interactions

often misused to analyze matric

helps determine directionality

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sociomatrix

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the order that emerges from social rules in a group

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how to use a sociomatrix to determine dominance heirarchy

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- place minimum # of overthrows in the lower left corner

- individual in top left corner is alpha, they experience no overthrows

- individual in bottom left is omega, they lost all encounters

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what matters in determining dominance

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- overthrows

- initiation behaviour

- submission

- play

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qualitative approach to signs

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semiotics

descriptive

use of semiograms and ethograms

study syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and prosodics

Front 133

quantitative approach to signs

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information theory

SDT, statistics

models, formulas, bits

entropy, transmission, channel, coding

network, noise

Front 134

measurements of error

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cognitive dimension

affective/conative

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cognitive dimension

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perception, attention, mnemonic, decisions

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affective/conative

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rage, fear, hunger

the motivation

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equivocation

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uncertainty of the sender

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ambiguity

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uncertainty of the reciever

Front 139

what is the main focus in noisy channels

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the reciever

Front 140

ex. of animals using multiple channels to communicate uncertainty

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baring teeth and licking alot

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solutions to noise

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change behaviour

adjust channel

adjust context/environment

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generalized differences between proximate and ultimate (distal)

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proximate are internal (like motivation or learning) and ultimate are external (signs, rituals, mate attraction)

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cue

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no influence on behaviour

usually provides distinctions between species

Front 144

example cue

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red strip on the back of woodpeckers head

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sebeok

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signals are associated with reactions and can be reactive

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discrete signal

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all or none response

simple

no control over what it looks or sounds like

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graded signal

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happens on a scale

organism controls it

uses lots of energy

more cognitive

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attentional structure

ex

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the importance of attention

ex. maintaining eye contact with a wolf makes it angry

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affiliative behaviour

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used after conflict

Front 150

sensation seeking example

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raven pulling wolves tail

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physical constraints of signals

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different physiological mechanisms in organisms

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economics of communication

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benefit must outweigh the cost

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evolutionary history of signals

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natural and sexual selection

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conflicts of interest in signals

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not all animals want the same result from a signal

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communication networks of signals

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beyond dyadic

eavesdropping ex.

Front 156

modality

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the form of the signal

ex. physical, chemical

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medium

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air, water, solids

what it travels through

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index signals

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constrained, always honest

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handicap signals

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not honest, high cost

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cheney and seyfarth

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noted that monkeys have different vocab to communicate different predators

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what does a lack of randomness suggest

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meaning

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what are the 2 elements of overlap in neur and sensory ecology

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classification of signals, cues/signs

context is important

Front 163

what environment do r-selected creatures live in

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unstable

Front 164

what environment do k-selected creatures live in

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stable

Front 165

vocal matching

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produce normal vocalization to appease in an attack

- goes against mortons law

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social integration

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how you coordinate and communicate with the group

Front 167

environmental signals

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presence and location of threats

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signalling sequence (7+ steps)

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1. generation

2. modification

3. coupling

4. propagation

5. coupling

6. modification

7. classification

8. decision

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microsomatic

ex.

Back 169

animals with decreased olfaction

whales, dolphins

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vultures extrordinary case of olfaction

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smell leaks in pipeline by smelling natural gases

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pigeons extrordinary case of olfaction

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use smell to zero in on their location in the last few kilometers

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olfaction in mammals

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use jackobson organ, VNO

humans dont have VNO, why they cant smell pheromones

Front 173

micrometerology and microclimatology

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ground-level fluctuations

important for the behaviour of snakes and ectotherms

Front 174

pedology

Back 174

the study of soil