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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In glomeronephritis besides antibiotics and steroids what other drugs would be beneficial?
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ACE inhibitors & angiotension II receptor agonsists. to dec arterial prsssure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure. ALSO DIURETICS to reduce fluid volume in body, dec bp & dec work load of glomerulus
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How does sclerosis form with MS?
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A disease of demyelination of the CNS, the body tries multiple attempts at remyelination & forms scar tissue
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Best way to test for MS?
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MRI.multiple lesions
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When action potentials jump from one Node of Ranvier to another is called
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saltatory conduction
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What drugs can you use for MS
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Corticosteriods - reduce inflammation in nerve tissues.
Rebif (interferon beta -1a) - dec leukocyte & T cell production |
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In MS lesions on CNS are called
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Dawsons fingers
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What treatment for SD?
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Botox injections of muscles of larynx
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WHat is the problem with parkinsons?
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Lack of dopamine
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Treatment for parkinsons
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MAOB inihibitors
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Side effects of Levadopa
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brain doesnt need to make dopamine -
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arteries are
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thick walled elastic tissue; stressed volume
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arterioles
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smooth muscle; highest resistence of blood flow
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veins
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unstressed volume
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alpha 1 adrenergic receptors =
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contraction
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lipids go across capilarries by
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by dissufision
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water to go across capillaries needs
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clefts (channels)
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beta 2 adrenergic receptors =
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relaxation
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selective perfusion of capillaries controlled by
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contraction/relaxation of SNS of vascular smooth muscle
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What contains the largest percentage of blood in CV sysstem
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veins
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V-
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velocity of blood flow. rate of displacement of blood per unti time
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Q=
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volume flow per unit time
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A=
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cross sectional area of a blood vessel
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Blood flow through a blood vessel is determined by
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pressure difference and resistance of the vessel to blood flow
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ohms law
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signifies the relationship of flow, pressure, and resistance
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formula for ohms law
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Q=change in P/R
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blood flow is inversely perportional to
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resistance. i.c. inc resistance decreases flow
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blood vessel (arteriole) resistance is responsible for
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changes in blood flow in the cardiovascular system
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What does poiseuille equation mean
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resistance of blood vessel to blood flow
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what is poiseuille' equation
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R=8nl/(pi)r^4
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Resistance to blood flow is
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1. directly proportional to viscosity (n)
2. directly proportional to length of vessel (l) 3. inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the blood vessel |
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series resistance
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total resistance of organ arranged in series is equal to the sum of the individual resistance
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waht is the greatest area of resistance in any given series
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arteriolar resistance
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parallel resistance
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distribution of blood flow among the various major arteries branching off the aorta
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when flow is distributed through a set of parallel resistances ...
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the flow through each organ is a fraction of the total blood flow
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parallel resistance means that when increasing resistance to a part of the circuit this will
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decrease the total resistance
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laminar flow in CVS =
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least resistance in middle of artery...most on sides
****fastest |
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shear will be greatest
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at the wall and smallest at the center
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more energy is required to drive...
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turbulent blood flow rather than lamnar flow
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turbulent flow=
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murmurs
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reynolds number
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calculation to determin whether laminar or turbulent flow
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Equation for Reynolds number
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N=pdv/n
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p=
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density of blood
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d=
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diameter of blood flow
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v=
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velocity of blood flow
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n=
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viscosity of blood flow
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Reynolds < 2000
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laminar
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Reynolds > 2000
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turbulent
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When thrombus....narrow diameter of vessels
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causes turbulent flow
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higher the compliance of a vessel...
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the more blood it can hold at a given pressure
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formula for compliance
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C=V/P
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aorta has the
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highest pressure=MAP
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lowest arterial pressure
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diastolic pressure
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highest arterial pressure
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systolic pressure
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Mean arterial pressure
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average pressure in a complete cardiace cycle
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Phase O of action potentials
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upstroke, rapid depolarization, Na+ channels open= inward Na+ current
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Phase 1
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initial repolarization, Na+ inactivation gates close, strong preference for K+ outward current
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Phase 2
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stable depolarized membrane potential....no current flow occurs across membrane.
Slow inward current of Ca+ via L-type channels balanced by outward K+ current allows for stabiliy |
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Ca Channel blockers do...
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blod the L-type channels
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Phase 3
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repolarization to resting membrane potential
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Phase 4
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electrical diastole, inward & outward currents are again equal to return to the resting membrane potential
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Ectopic pacemaker
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something over takes Sa node
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pacemaker potential
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= heart rate
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excitability is
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the capacity of myocardial cells to generate an action potential
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How is dark seen in photoisomerization
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Regulated by cGMP. Dark current from Na+ inward current and depolarization of he photoreceptor membrane
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How is light seen in photoisomerization
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dec in cGMP which closes Na+ channels, dec Na+ current and hyperpolarization of the receptor membreane
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