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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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________ are defined as organisms that do not require oxygen for life and reproduction
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anaerobes
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they help in digestion of food in humans and animals
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anaerobes
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They have been used in industry for commercial production of organic solvents such as acetic acid, acetone, methane, isopropanol (to name a few)
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anaerobes
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Various species of ______ are used to produce vaccines of human and veterinary importance, e.g. tetanus toxoid, botulinum toxoid
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clostridia
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___________ an anaerobic gram positive bacilli, is used in the production of cheeses. They are responsible for the flavors due to fermentation of _____ to propionate and acetate.
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Propionibacterium; lactate
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______ are also responsible for the large holes in cheeses (due to ______ formation)
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anaerobes; CO2
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_____ are used in VitB12 production which is used to treat pernicious anemia and as an animal feed additive
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anaerobes
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Why is Oxygen lethal to anaerobes ?
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In phase 1,when exposed to O2, electrons that would usually be available for metabolic functions are diverted to the reduction of molecular oxygen to Superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and Hydrogen peroxide. So there is less energy for synthesis of new cell material resulting in cessation of growth producing a bacteriostatic effect.
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If anaerobes remain in the presence of _______ , Phase 2 would occur. Phase 2 is lethal, irreversible effect of ______ toxicity due to superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and Hydrogen peroxide thereby producing a bacteriocidal effect.
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oxygen; oxygen
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_____ require a low red-ox potential (tendency to give up or accept electrons).
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anaerobes
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In _____, bacteria have a tendency to lower red-ox potential at the site of growth. This provides conditions conducive to the growth of _______ anaerobes.
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vivo; obligate
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an agar used for anaerobes
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Brucella blood agar with vit k1 and hemin
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Brucella laked blood agar with _______ and vancomycin
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kanomycin
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for anaerobes: specimen collection that is only for tissue samples
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Thioglycollate broth
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Anaerobic plates are incubated for ____ days in an ______ environment
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4; anaerobic
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Chocolate agar plate is incubated for 48 hrs in a ______ incubator
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CO2
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Thioglycollate broth is incubated in a ______ incubator @ 35C for ______days
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standard; 4
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3 choices of systems available for anaerobes
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chambers
jars bags or pouches |
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anaerobic gram-positive bacilli form what?
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spores
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2 anaerobes that are NOT part of the normal flora yet cause infection are ______ & ______ ?
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C. botulinum and C. tetani
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morphotype
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Any of a group of different types of individuals of the same species in a population
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C. difficile most common organism isolated in which complication?
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necrotizing bowel disease
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C. difficile produces
Toxin ___, an enterotoxin that causes fluid "A"ccumulation |
A
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C. difficile produces toxin B, which causes ________ effects
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cyto-patho-genic
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Diagnosis of C. difficile AAD or PMC is by detection of______ ONLY
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toxin
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ID of _________ can be determined by Latex agglutination or EIA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) for glutamate dehydrogenase
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C. difficile
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Necrotizing bowel disease also caused by _____ & ______
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C. ramosum & C. septicum
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C. tetani (and C. _____) swarm over entire surface of agar plate in tetanus
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C. septicum
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only gram ____ stains can produce spores or not in anaerobic bacteria
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+ pos.
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__________ ______ converts superoxide radicals to H2O2 and molecular O2
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Superoxide dismutase
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_____ (enzyme) found in aerobic or facultative bacteria
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catalase
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_____ (enzyme) found in several aerotolerant anaerobes
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peroxidase
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