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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy?
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Study of the structure
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Physiology?
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Function of the body
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Chemical Level?
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Atoms
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Cellular Level?
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Cells
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Tissue Level?
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Similar types of cells
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Organ Level?
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Different types of tissues
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Organ System Level?
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Different organs that work together
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Organismal Level?
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Organisms
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Variable?
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Factor or event being regulated
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Receptor?
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Sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes
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Control Center?
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Determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the input it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action
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Effector?
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Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus
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Negative Feedback?
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Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
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Positive Feedback?
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The activity is accelerated
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Superior?
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Above
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Inferior?
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Below
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Anterior?
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In front of
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Posterior?
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Behind
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Medial?
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On the inner side of
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Lateral?
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On the outer side of
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Intermediate?
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Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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Proximal?
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Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Distal?
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Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Superficial?
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Toward or at the body surface
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Deep?
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More internal
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Axial Part?
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Includes the head, neck, and trunk
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Appendicular Part?
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Consists of the limbs which are attached to the body's axis.
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Sagittal Plane?
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Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts
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Midsagittal Plane?
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Plane that lies exactly in the mid-line
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Parasagittal Plane?
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Plane that is offset from the midline
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Frontal Plane?
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Divides the body into anterior and posterior regions
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Transverse Plane?
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Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Dorsal Body Cavity?
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Contains the area in which the brain is encased by the skull and the cavity which runs within the bony vertebral column and encloses the delicate spinal cord
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Cranial Cavity?
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Contains the brain and skull
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Vertebral Cavity?
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Contains the spinal column
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Ventral Body Cavity?
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Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Viscera?
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Internal Organs
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Thoracic Cavity?
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Superior portion
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Serous Fluid?
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Thin, lubricating fluid which is secreted by both membranes
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Serous?
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Thin, double layer membrane
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Parietal Serosa?
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Lines cavity walls
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Visceral Serosa?
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Lines the organs
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Umbilical Region?
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Centermost region
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Epigastric Region?
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Above stomach
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Hypogastric Region?
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Below the navel
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Right and Left Iliac Region?
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Lateral to the hypogastric region
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Right and Left Lumbar?
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Lateral to the navel
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Right and Left Hypochondriac?
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Lateral to the epigastric region
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Right Upper Quadrant?
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RUQ
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Left Upper Quadrant?
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LUQ
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Right Lower Quadrant?
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RLQ
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Left Lower Quadrant?
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LLQ
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Endocrine?
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Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones
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Nervous?
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Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses
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Digestive?
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Breaks down ingested food into its building blocks
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Reproductive?
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Site of fetal development
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Urinary?
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Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes
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Brachial?
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Arm
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Gluteal?
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Buttock
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Cephalic?
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Head
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Patellar?
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Knee (anterior aspect)
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Thoracic?
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Chest
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Occipital?
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Back of Head
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Inguinal?
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Groin
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Mammary?
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Breast
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Otic?
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Ear
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Calcaneal?
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Heel
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Sternal?
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Sternum
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Oral?
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Mouth
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Tarsal?
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Ankle bones
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Orbital?
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Eye
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Femoral?
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Thigh
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Medial?
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The bridge of the nose is this to the left eye
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Superior?
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The diaphragm is this to the stomach
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Posterior?
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The heart is this to the sternum
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Distal?
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The fingers are this to the wrist
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Anterior?
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The stomach is this to the spine
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Lateral?
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The axillary region of the body is this to the sternal region
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Proximal?
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The patella is this to the tarsals
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Inferior?
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The femoral region is this to the lumbar region
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Superficial?
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The skin is this to the pectoralis major
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True
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Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus
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True
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Complementarity of structure and function means that the structure of a part reflects its function
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False
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The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity is called the visceral peritoneum
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True
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A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function
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True
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Regardless of the variable being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components
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True
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The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region
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False
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The plantar region is the term that describes the heel
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False
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Renal physiology deals with the transmission of electrical impulses throughout the body
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False
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Regional anatomy deals with systems
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tissues
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Histology could be defined as the study of?
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palms turned posteriorly
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The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except?
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any sagittal plane except the median
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A parasagittal plane is?
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lining the thoracic cavity
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The parietal pleural would represent a serous membrane?
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all of the above are correct
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The dorsal cavity contains the?
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sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
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One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to?
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as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body
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The anatomical position is used?
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sagittal
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A vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, is called?
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thoracic
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Which body cavity contains the pleural and pericardial cavities?
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thumb
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The term pollex refers to the?
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axillary
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The region of the armpit is called?
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organs
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Viscera refers to which of the following?
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Gross Anatomy
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Larger body structures
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Regional Anatomy
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All the structures in one particular region
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Systemic Anatomy
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Studied system by system
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surface anatomy
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study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
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microscopic anatomy
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too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope
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cytology
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study of the cells
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histology
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study of tissues
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developmental anatomy
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changes in an individual from conception thru old age
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embryology
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concerns the developmental changes that occur before birth
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pathological anatomy
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structural changes caused by disease
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radiographic anatomy
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studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
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molecular anatomy
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the structure of biological molecules
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renal physiology
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urine production and kidney function
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neurophysiology
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workings of the nervous system
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cardiovascular physiology
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operation of the heart and blood vessels
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principle of complementarity of structure and function
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what a structure can do depends on its specific form
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integumentary
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external body covering
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skeletal
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protects and supports body organs
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muscular
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allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions
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nervous
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fast-acting control system of the body
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endocrine
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glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
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cardiovascular
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blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes
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lymphatic
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picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
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respiratory
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keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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digestive
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breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
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urinary
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eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
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male reproductive
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testes produce sperm and male sex hormone
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female reproductive
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ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
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maintaining boundaries
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internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
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movement
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activities promoted by the muscular system
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responsiveness
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ability to sense changes in the environment
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digestion
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breaking down ingested food stuffs to simple molecules
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metabolism
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sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur within body cells
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excretion
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removing wastes from the body
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reproduction
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original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells
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growth
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increase in size
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nutrients
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chemical substances used for energy and cell building
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oxygen
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needed for maximum atp production
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normal body temperature
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98.6 F
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atmospheric pressure
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gas exchange
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homeostasis
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body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
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homeostatic imbalance
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when the body is unable to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
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nasal
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nose
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carpal
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wrist
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umbilical
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navel
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acromial
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point of shoulder
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lumbar
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area of back between the ribs, just above the belt line
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proximal
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the humerus is this to the radius?
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anterior
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the sternum is this to the spine?
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superior
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the maxilla is this to the mandible?
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parasagittal plane
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plane that divides the body into uneven left and right parts
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frontal plane
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plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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transverse plane
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plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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epigastric
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region immediately superior to the umbilical region
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right and left lumbar
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region lateral to the umbilical region
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right and left hypochondriac
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region lateral to the epigastric region
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adipose tissue
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modified areolar tissue, holds nutrients. average person has 18% of this type of tissue
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ligaments
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these help bone attach to bone
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elastic cartilage
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made up of elastin fibers and located in the external ear and epiglottis
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areolar connective tissue
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gel-like matrix with all three fiber types. cushions organs and is located under epithelia
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tendons
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these attach muscle to bone
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fibrocartilage
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intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular tissue and is located in intervertebral discs and knee joints
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reticular connective tissue
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network of reticular fibers, found in lymphoid organs. helps form the stroma
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hyaline cartilage
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gristle. most abundant type in body. forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of bones
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dense regular connective tissue
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parallel collagen fibers, some elastin fibers. found in tendons and ligaments
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messenchyme
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1st definitive tissue layer, all others arise from it
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blood
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atypical connective tissue, surrounded by plasma. helps transport nutrients and waste
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cartilage
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qualities between dense connective tissue and bone
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dense irregular connective tissue
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thick collagen fibers. found in dermis of skin and is able to withstand tension
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fibroblasts
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immature connective tissue fibers
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histology
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what is the study of tissues?
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apical surface
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the surface that is exposed to the body exterior or cavity of an internal organ
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simple cuboidal
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single cell layer; cells are as wide as they are tall
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stratified columnar
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multiple cell layers; cells look like pillars
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transitional
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resembles both stratified squamous and cuboidal; found in urinary system
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mesothelium
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middle covering; lines serous membranes
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simple columnar
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one cell layer; tall, closely packed cells. like soldiers in a row
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pseudostratified columnar
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single layer of cells of differing heights, giving impression of multiple layers
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endothelium
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inner covering; provides a slick, frictionless surface
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basal surface
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bottom surface; at bottom of epithelium layer
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simple squamous
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single cell layer; flat, disk-like cells
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stratified cubodial
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generally two layers of cube-like cells
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stratified squamous
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thick membrane composed of several cell layers; surface cells are full of keratin
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serous membrane
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the epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body
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mucous membrane
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the epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior
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cutaneous membrane
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consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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mucous membrane
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found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts
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serous membrane
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makes up the pleura and pericardium
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endothelium
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lines blood vessels and the heart
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skeletal
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voluntary, striations
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cardiac
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involuntary, striations and branching cells
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smooth
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spindle-shaped uninucleate cells
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smooth
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involved in peristalsis, emptying of the bladder, and the birth process
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skeletal
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large multinucleate cells with striations
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cardiac
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has close junctions called intercalated disks
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cardiac
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forms the walls of the heart
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smooth
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found in the walls of hollow organs
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dense irregular connective tissue
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tissue is stressed in many directions
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adipose
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contains large amounts of neutral fat
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dense regular connective tissue
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major component of tendons and aponeuroses
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blood
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transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system
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adipose
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provide insulation for the body
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areolar connective tissue
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protects and supports soft tissues
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elastic cartilage
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structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility
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hyaline cartilage
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forms the embryonic skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones
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mesenchyme
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embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues
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mucous connective tissue
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wharton's jelly; fetal connective tissue
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reticular tissue
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forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen
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True
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macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissue
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true
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epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface
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false
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merocrine glands produce their secretion by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell
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true
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cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue
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false
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intercalated discs and striations suggest the presence of skeletal muscle
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true
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smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations
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true
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squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature
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false
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the suffix -cyte, refers to an immature cell
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true
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blood is considered a type of connective tissue
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false
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nervous tissue consists of mainly neurons and collagen fibers
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blood vessels
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which is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?
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all of the above
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tissue changes during aging can be seen in?
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has a basement membrane
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epithelial tissue?
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epithelial tissue
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the tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is?
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tissue
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organized groups of cells that have a common purpose form a?
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elastic tissue
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the shape of the external ear is maintained by?
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are immature cartilage cells
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chondroblasts?
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pseudostratified columnar
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___ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane?
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adipose tissue
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connective tissue proper includes?
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ground substance, fibers, and cells
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the three main components of connective tissue are?
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1. the skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins
2. blood clotting occurs and stops blood flow 3. granulation tissue is formed 4. fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break 5. macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris 6. the scar retracts 7. epithelial regeneration is nearly complete |
events of tissue repair?
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false
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salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement
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true
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simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption
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false
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muscle and connective tissue develop from endoderm
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tissue
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groups of cells similar in structure and perform a common or related function?
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epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
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four primary tissue types?
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histology
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study of tissues
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epithelial tissue
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covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
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1.protection
2.absorption 3.filtration 4.excretion 5.secretion 6.sensory reception |
6 roles as an interface tissue?
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cellularity
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close-packed cells
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specialized contacts
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form continuous sheets
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polarity
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differ in both structure and function
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apical surface
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free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ
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microvilli
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fingerlike extensions
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cilia
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propel substances
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basal surface
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surface near the base or interior of a structure
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basal lamina
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lies adjacent to the basal surface of an epithelium
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supported by connective tissue
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all epithelial sheets rest upon
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reticular lamina
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fine network of collagen protein fibers
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basement membrane
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reinforces
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innervated but avascular
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nerve fibers but contains no blood vessels
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regeneration
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replace last cells rapidly by cell division
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simple epithelia
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single cell layer
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stratified epithelia
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stacked
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squamous cells
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flattened and scalelike
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cuboidal cells
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boxlike, tall as they are wide
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columnar cells
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tall and column shaped
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1.simple squamous
2.simple cuboidal 3.simple columnar 4.pseudostratified columnar |
four major classes of simple epithelia?
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1.stratified squamous
2.stratified cuboidal 3.stratified columnar 4.transitional |
four major classes of stratified epithelia?
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