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159 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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aimed at decreasing the prevalence or number of existing cases: primary,secondary,tertiary
secondary
aimed at decreasing the disability and severity of a mental disorder: primary,secondary,tertiary
tertiary
aimed at decreasing the incidence or number of new cases:primary,secondary,tertiary
primary
actions are chosen based on the moral virtues or the character of the person making the decision is what type of ethis?
virtue ethics
the theory that the action is judged as good or bad based on the act of itself regardless of consequences is what?
deontological theory
the theory that the action is judged as good or bad based on the consequences or outcome is what?
teleological theory
the psychodynamic personality theory has to do with what three things?
early separation problems, object relations theory and disturbed parental interactions
what is the biological personality theory
involves reduced gray matter in prefontal cortex and limbic deregulation
what are the cluster A traits?
paranoid, schizoid, odd, unusual behavior
what are the cluster B traits? (4)
antisocial, borderline,histrionic, narcisstic, dramatic, affective, instability,highest risk for suicide
what are the cluster C traits (4)
avoidant, dependent, OCD, anxiety
the term that describes unilateral transient vision loss and described as a "curtain over eye" is what and has to do with what disorder
amaurosis fugax/dementia
what does ego-syntonic mean? (how it is perceived)
perceived by the individual as comfortable and consistent with personality and the person fails to recognize the problem
what does eo-dystonic mean? (how is it perceived)
perceived by the individual as uncomfortable and inconsistent with personality, person recognizes problem and and seeks treatment
disorder that is associated with memory loss, hypersexuality, hyperorality and placidity,diminished fear reactions and is associated with pick's disease? what lobe is effected?
kluver-bucy syndrome/temporal lobe
How does lewy body disease present and how does it respond to antipsychotics?
presents with hallucinations, parkinsonian features and EPS, it react adversely to antipsychotics
what is the hallmark of alzheimers?
amyloid deposity and neurofibrillary tanges
what is the hallmark of vascular dementia?
carotid bruits, fundoscopic abnormalities, and enlarged cardiac chambers
what does dysnomia mean?
impaired ability to name objects
what does dysgraphia mean?
impaired ability to write
what does asterixis mean
flapping motion in wrists and classically seen with metabolic disorders and hepatic coma
what does dysarthria mean
impaired ability to articulate words
what does akathisia mean and is often mistaken for what disorder?
motor restlessness or inability to sit still and often mistaken for anxiety
what does akinesia mean? and is often mistaken for what?
absence of movements and often mistaken for laziness or lack of interest
what does dystonia mean
muscle spasms that can be painful
describe tardive dyskinesia
involuntary, abnormal muscle movement of mouth,tongue,face, can be irreversible
describe the effects of antipsychotices on tuberoinfundibular pathway in schizophrenia?
dopamine inhibits prolactin, the blockade by SDA's causes prolactin to increase
what are the effects of seratonin/dopamine antagonists on nigrostriatal pathway in schizophrenia
dopamine has reciprical relationships with ACH. When seratonind is blocked by SDA, dopamine increases therefore ACH decreases which causes decreased EPS
EPS is associated with increase in what?
acetylcholine
describe the mode of action of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia on both positive and negative symptoms
positive symptoms are decreased by blockade of dopamine in mesolimbic pathway (seratonin inhibits dopamane. Negative symptoms are decreased when seratonin/dopamine antagonists block seratonin; therefore dopamine increases in mesocortical pathway
what are three abnormalities noted in functional studies in schizophrenia
1.hypofrontality 2. decreased cerebral blood flow and metabolism 3. diffuse hypometabolic action in cortical-subcortical circuitry
what are 5 abnormalities noted in structrual studies in schizophrenia
1.enlargements of lateral ventricles 2. widened cortical sulci 3. diffuse decrease in volume of white/gray matter 4. decreased volume of temporal lobe 5. hypovolume in hippocampus,amygdala and thalmus
what is echolalia
repetition of the last heard words of another person
what term means imitation of observed behavior or movements
echopraxia
what are the cause of positive symptoms
increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway
what are the cause of negative symptoms
decreased dopamine in the mesocortical pathway
what are 5 schizophrenia abnormalities r/t dopamine,glutamate,GABA and seratonin
1. excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway 2. decreased dopamine in the mesocortical pathway 3. excess glutamate 4. decreased GABA 5. decreased seratonin
what does anhedonia mean?
is an inability to experience pleasurable emotions from normally pleasurable life events such as eating, exercise, social interaction or sexual activities.
what does hypnopompic mean
not a true hallucination, false perception that occurs when one is waking up
what does hypnogogic mean
not a true hallucination, false perception that occurs when one is falling asleep
what is the theory that believes that anxiety occurs due to an individual's needs being unmet and that conflict occurs whan an individual pereives his/her needs will not be met b/c of rejection, inferiority or inability to engange, the sense of self based on how others view him/her
interpersonal theory of anxiety
explain the psychodynamic theory of anxiety
the conflict is between the id and superego, conflict is unconscious but anxiety is conciously perceived
what is the teratogenic risk of benzodiazepines
floppy baby syndrome, cleft palate
what is the teratogenic risk of tegretol
neural tube defects
what is the teratogenic risk of lithium
epstein anomaly
what is the teratoenic risk of depakote
neural tube deficits especially spina bifida
what is the term that describes the inability to recognize letters or numbers drawn on the client's hand with a pointed object
agraphesthesia
what does astereognosis mean? what part of the brain is effected?
the inability to discriminate between objects based on touch alone/result of lesion to posterior lobe of cerebellum
what are chlorieform movements?
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. seen in huntington's disease
what term describes a choice of words that are based on similiar sounds not associated ideas
clanging
what does echolalia mean
the repetition of other people's words
what term describes the creation of new words that don't make sense
neologisms
what traits does a personality with cluster A traits have
paranoid, suspicious,mistrustful, projection
which therapy involves promotion of change within a focalized area of confliect via development of greater insight and awareness of defenses and internalizations
psychodynamic therapy framework
which therapy teaches patients to view more clearly through an examination of their central, distorted cognitions
cognitive therapy
which therapy uses relaxation, role-playing and problem-solving
behavioral therapy
the therapy that embraces value of freedom and knowing oneself and discovering what one is becoming and responsilibity to act
existential-humanistic therapy
describe the pre-group phase
leader decides goals, purpose, membership
which group phase involves members orientation, identify tasks, boundries,expectations, and developing trus
initial phase
which phase involves members being resistent, testing limits, inclusion and control
conflict/storming phase
describe the cohesive/norming phase
resistence is overcome, open communicatioin, norms are getting established
which group phase involves a work focus and that the leader serves as a consultant
working/performing phase
which theory has a belief that an individual's problematic behavior may serve as a function or purpose for the family and be a symptom of dysfunctional patterns
family systems theory
what is the focus of family systems theory and the treatment goals
focus is on chronic anxiety within families and the treatment goal is to increase awareenss of their function within the family and increased levels of self-differentiation, sibling position, trianges, communication and infants
what is morphogenesis
family's tendency to adapt to change when changes are necessary
what term describes the family's tendency to remain stable in the midst of change
morphostasis
what is the focus and goal of bowen's family systems
focus is on chronic anxiety in families and the goal is to increase awareness of emotional problems one can only change oneself i.e. trianges, projections, cut-off, sibling positions
which theory believes that an individuals symptoms are rooted in family patternn and the symptom is a function of the health of the whole family
structural family therapy
what is the goal of structural family therapy and when is it mostly used
the goal is to produce structural change to more effectively manage problems (genogram,heirachies), used with deviant adolescents and eating disorders
what is the focus and goal of experiental therapy
behavior is determined by personal experience and not be external reality, the goal is growth rather than reduction of symptoms (authenticity and individuality)
which therapy believes that symptoms are metaphors and reflect problems in hierarchal structure and that symptoms are a way to communicate
strategic therapy
what is the goal and what interventions are used in strategic therapy
goal is to help family members behave in ways that will not perpetuate the problems, interventions are focused and include straight-forward, paradoxical
descrbie narrative therapy and who developed it
White, story-based, focus in on self-defeating cognitions in stories families tell themselves about their problems, goal is positive, realistic, productive stories
which therapy has a focus that is to rework solutions that have previously worked and the goal is effective resolution of problems, miracle questions, exception finding questions
solution focused therapy
describe the 5 motivational interviewing stages of change
1. precontemplation-no intention to change 2. contemplation-aware of problem but no commitment to change 3. preparation-ready for action 4. action-taking specific overt actions 5. maintenance-working to prevent relapse
describe acronym/questions for alcohol screening
CAGE cut-down,annoyed,guilty,eye-opener
alcoholl withdrawal acronym
PINTOFASA perceptual disturbance,insomnia,nausea,
tremor,onset,flushing of fase,autonomic hyperactivity,seizures,agitation
what term describes the study of what the body does to drugs, i.e absorption,metabolism
pharmokinetics
what is pharmodynamics
study of what the drugs due to the body
what does the hypothalmus regulate
regulates appetite,thirst,circadian rhythms,water balance, temperature,libido
what does the thalmus do
sensory relay except smell, regulates emotional memory
what does the frontal lobe control
LIMP language,intelligence,motor function,personality, (Broca, executive functions)
what does the temporal lobe control
LAME language,auditory, memory, emotion integration (wernicke)
which part of the brain regulates memory and converts short-term into long-term
hippocampus
which part of the brain mediates mood,fear,emotion, and connects sensory smell
amygdala
neurotransmitter that is excitatory and is significant in bipolar and seizures
glutamate
an inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
where is norepinephrine produced
adrenal glands
where is seratonin produced
ralph nuclei
where is dopamine produced
substantia nigra
where is norepinephrine produced
in the locus ceruleus of pons
what controls the visual cortex and the integration area
occipital lobe
what is the primary sensory area for taste, reading/writing
parietal lobe
describe the IQ ranges for mild, moderate,severe and profound mr
mild 50-70
moderate 35-50
severe 20-35
profound below 20 or 25
what is the theory that states that change in health behaviors occurs in six stages
trans-theoretical model of change
what are the five stages of change in the trans-theoretical model of change
precontemplation,
contemplation,preparation,
action,maintenance
what model has to do with an interview between t persons and that there are 4 compents of communication
didactic interpersonal communication model
what is the health belief model and who developed it
marshall becker - healthy people do not always take advantage of screening or prevention
what does diadochokinesia mean
ability to perform rapid alternating movement
what does dyssynersia
finger-to-nose test, heel-to-knee test
the duty to protect the rights of a person to make decisions and to take actions without external control is what
autonomy
the duty to tell the truth and not to lie or deceive others is what
veracity
the duty to do no harm is what
nonmalefiscence
the duty to be true and loyal to others is what
fidelity
word that means fairness to everyone, sound reason, rightfulness of decisions and actions is what
justice
the duty to do no harm, not harm others is what
beneficience
virtue ethics is individuals that are based on what?
individual actions are based upon innate moral virtue or character (compassion, moral integrity)
what theory states that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the consequences or outcome
teleological theory (utilitarianism/consequalism)
what theory states that an action is either good or bad based upon the action intself, regarless of the consequences of that act
deontological theory
(formulism)
term that describes when the independent variable (treatment) caused a change in the dependent variable (outcome)
internal validity
what is external valididy
when sample is represenative of the population and the results can be generalized
what does descriptive statistics describe
used to describe basic features of the data
what is standard deviation
indications of the possible deviations from the mean
what term describes how the values are dispersed around the mean
variance
the larger the variance, the _______ the dispersion of scores
larger
what is inferential statistics
numerical values that enable one to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone
what does the t-test assess
assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other
what does the analysis of variance test
tests the difference among 3 or more compents
what is the pearson's r correlation
tests the relationship between 2 variables
the likelihood of an event occuring is the what
probablity
if the probabablity is 0 what does this mean? if the probability is 1 what does this mean
0=impossible
1=possible
what does the p-value describe
describes the probability of a particular result occuring by chance
if p=.01 what does this mean
1% probability of chance alone
what is roger's theory of diffusion of innovations
theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures
what are the five stages of adoption of the theory of diffusion of innovations
knowledge stage, persuasion stage,decision stage,implementation stage,confirmation stage
what is the LEARN model of cultural differences
L isten with sympathy and understanding
E xplain your perceptions
A cknowledge differences
R ecommend treatment
N egotiate agreement
what is the caring theory and who developed it?
Jean Watson- caring is essential to nursing
what does the basal ganglia do?
stablizes motor activity and has to do with EPS, corpus striatum
what developed the health promotion theory and what does it explain?
Nola Pender- explains behavior that enhances health and prevents disease
what is the therapeutic nurse-client relationship and who developed it?
Hildegard Peplau- based on interpersonal theory
who developed theory of self-care?
dorothy orem
who developed thoery of cutural care and what does it state
madeline Leininger - regardless of culture, care is essence of nursing
what are peplau's 4 phases of development of relationship
orientation,identification,
exploitation,
termination/resolution
which are freud's stages has to do with trust and disorders that may result are schizophrenia and paranoia
oral stage
describe the anal phase, what ages and disorders that may result
18m to 3 years, potty training, "independence", depressive disorders
what ages involve the phallic stage and what disorders may result from
3-6 years, "gender indentity,"
exhibitionism, fear of lost maternal love, sexual idenity disorders
which stage involves 6 years to puberty and what disorders may result
latency, development of peer relationships, learning motor skills development, social phobias
describe the genital stage
puberty-forward, integration,
primary genital based sexuality, sexual pervasim disorders
which theory was developed by harry sullivan and states that behavior occurs b/c of interpersonal dynamics and self-esteem
interpersonal theory
the interpersonal theory has to do with which 2 drives
satisfaction - security
describe erikson's infancy stage
0-1, trust vs. mistrust, ability to form relationships, hope and trust
describe erikson's early childhood stage
1-3, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, self-control, willpower
describe erikson's late childhood stage
3-6 years, initiative vs. guilt, self-directed behavior, sense of purpose
describe erikson's school age stage
6-12 years, ability to work, competency, achievement
describe erikson's adolescent stage
12-20, identity vs. role confusion, personal sense of identity
describe erikson's early adulthood stage
20-35 years, intimacy vs. isolation, commited to relationships, capacity to love
describe erikson's middle adulthood stage
35-65 years, generativity vs. self-absorption, ability to give to others
describe erikson's late adulthood stage
greater than 65, integrity vs. despair, fulfillment and insight
describe cognitive theory and who developed it
jean piaget, human development evolves throught cognition, learning and comprehending
describe the 4 stages of cognitive development based upon cognitive theory
birth-2y - sensor, motor, object permanence, objects have existence indep. of child
preoperational - 2-7y-use of language, magical thinking
concrete operations - 7-12-use of logic and reversibility (clay molded into object is still clay)
formal operations-12y-adult-thinking abstractly
describe social learning/self-efficacy theory and who developed it?
albert bandura - behavior is result of cognitive and environmental factors, individuals learn by observing others, role-modeling
describe cognitive therapy and who developed it
beck/lazarus - cognitive distortions (negative thoughts) lead to behavioral/emotional problems
what is the type of therapy developed by yolam and rogers and contrasts psychoanalytical and behaviorists, what is the focus of this type of therapy
humanistic and existential, focus is on meaning of life
which therapy did rogers develp and what were the major concepts
humanistic (person-centered), major concepts are self-direction and self-actualization
describe freud's psychoanalytical theory
all behavior is meaningful and has purpose but may be unconscious
what does the id say
"I WANT" , immediate gratification
what does the ego say
"I think, I evaluate," abstact thinking, operates on reality principle and defense mechanisms
what does the superego say
"I should, I ought," conscious right and wrong, regulated by guilt and shame
name the 12 cranial nerves
oh,oh,oh, to touch and feel a great victory such happiness
olfactory,optic,occipital,
trochlear,trigeminal,abducens,
facial,acoustic,
glosopharyneal,vagus,
spinal accessory,hypoglossal