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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
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aimed at decreasing the prevalence or number of existing cases: primary,secondary,tertiary
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secondary
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aimed at decreasing the disability and severity of a mental disorder: primary,secondary,tertiary
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tertiary
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aimed at decreasing the incidence or number of new cases:primary,secondary,tertiary
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primary
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actions are chosen based on the moral virtues or the character of the person making the decision is what type of ethis?
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virtue ethics
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the theory that the action is judged as good or bad based on the act of itself regardless of consequences is what?
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deontological theory
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the theory that the action is judged as good or bad based on the consequences or outcome is what?
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teleological theory
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the psychodynamic personality theory has to do with what three things?
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early separation problems, object relations theory and disturbed parental interactions
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what is the biological personality theory
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involves reduced gray matter in prefontal cortex and limbic deregulation
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what are the cluster A traits?
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paranoid, schizoid, odd, unusual behavior
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what are the cluster B traits? (4)
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antisocial, borderline,histrionic, narcisstic, dramatic, affective, instability,highest risk for suicide
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what are the cluster C traits (4)
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avoidant, dependent, OCD, anxiety
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the term that describes unilateral transient vision loss and described as a "curtain over eye" is what and has to do with what disorder
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amaurosis fugax/dementia
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what does ego-syntonic mean? (how it is perceived)
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perceived by the individual as comfortable and consistent with personality and the person fails to recognize the problem
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what does eo-dystonic mean? (how is it perceived)
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perceived by the individual as uncomfortable and inconsistent with personality, person recognizes problem and and seeks treatment
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disorder that is associated with memory loss, hypersexuality, hyperorality and placidity,diminished fear reactions and is associated with pick's disease? what lobe is effected?
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kluver-bucy syndrome/temporal lobe
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How does lewy body disease present and how does it respond to antipsychotics?
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presents with hallucinations, parkinsonian features and EPS, it react adversely to antipsychotics
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what is the hallmark of alzheimers?
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amyloid deposity and neurofibrillary tanges
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what is the hallmark of vascular dementia?
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carotid bruits, fundoscopic abnormalities, and enlarged cardiac chambers
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what does dysnomia mean?
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impaired ability to name objects
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what does dysgraphia mean?
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impaired ability to write
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what does asterixis mean
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flapping motion in wrists and classically seen with metabolic disorders and hepatic coma
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what does dysarthria mean
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impaired ability to articulate words
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what does akathisia mean and is often mistaken for what disorder?
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motor restlessness or inability to sit still and often mistaken for anxiety
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what does akinesia mean? and is often mistaken for what?
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absence of movements and often mistaken for laziness or lack of interest
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what does dystonia mean
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muscle spasms that can be painful
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describe tardive dyskinesia
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involuntary, abnormal muscle movement of mouth,tongue,face, can be irreversible
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describe the effects of antipsychotices on tuberoinfundibular pathway in schizophrenia?
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dopamine inhibits prolactin, the blockade by SDA's causes prolactin to increase
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what are the effects of seratonin/dopamine antagonists on nigrostriatal pathway in schizophrenia
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dopamine has reciprical relationships with ACH. When seratonind is blocked by SDA, dopamine increases therefore ACH decreases which causes decreased EPS
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EPS is associated with increase in what?
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acetylcholine
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describe the mode of action of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia on both positive and negative symptoms
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positive symptoms are decreased by blockade of dopamine in mesolimbic pathway (seratonin inhibits dopamane. Negative symptoms are decreased when seratonin/dopamine antagonists block seratonin; therefore dopamine increases in mesocortical pathway
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what are three abnormalities noted in functional studies in schizophrenia
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1.hypofrontality 2. decreased cerebral blood flow and metabolism 3. diffuse hypometabolic action in cortical-subcortical circuitry
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what are 5 abnormalities noted in structrual studies in schizophrenia
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1.enlargements of lateral ventricles 2. widened cortical sulci 3. diffuse decrease in volume of white/gray matter 4. decreased volume of temporal lobe 5. hypovolume in hippocampus,amygdala and thalmus
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what is echolalia
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repetition of the last heard words of another person
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what term means imitation of observed behavior or movements
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echopraxia
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what are the cause of positive symptoms
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increased dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway
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what are the cause of negative symptoms
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decreased dopamine in the mesocortical pathway
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what are 5 schizophrenia abnormalities r/t dopamine,glutamate,GABA and seratonin
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1. excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway 2. decreased dopamine in the mesocortical pathway 3. excess glutamate 4. decreased GABA 5. decreased seratonin
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what does anhedonia mean?
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is an inability to experience pleasurable emotions from normally pleasurable life events such as eating, exercise, social interaction or sexual activities.
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what does hypnopompic mean
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not a true hallucination, false perception that occurs when one is waking up
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what does hypnogogic mean
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not a true hallucination, false perception that occurs when one is falling asleep
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what is the theory that believes that anxiety occurs due to an individual's needs being unmet and that conflict occurs whan an individual pereives his/her needs will not be met b/c of rejection, inferiority or inability to engange, the sense of self based on how others view him/her
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interpersonal theory of anxiety
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explain the psychodynamic theory of anxiety
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the conflict is between the id and superego, conflict is unconscious but anxiety is conciously perceived
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what is the teratogenic risk of benzodiazepines
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floppy baby syndrome, cleft palate
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what is the teratogenic risk of tegretol
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neural tube defects
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what is the teratogenic risk of lithium
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epstein anomaly
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what is the teratoenic risk of depakote
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neural tube deficits especially spina bifida
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what is the term that describes the inability to recognize letters or numbers drawn on the client's hand with a pointed object
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agraphesthesia
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what does astereognosis mean? what part of the brain is effected?
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the inability to discriminate between objects based on touch alone/result of lesion to posterior lobe of cerebellum
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what are chlorieform movements?
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Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. seen in huntington's disease
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what term describes a choice of words that are based on similiar sounds not associated ideas
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clanging
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what does echolalia mean
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the repetition of other people's words
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what term describes the creation of new words that don't make sense
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neologisms
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what traits does a personality with cluster A traits have
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paranoid, suspicious,mistrustful, projection
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which therapy involves promotion of change within a focalized area of confliect via development of greater insight and awareness of defenses and internalizations
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psychodynamic therapy framework
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which therapy teaches patients to view more clearly through an examination of their central, distorted cognitions
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cognitive therapy
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which therapy uses relaxation, role-playing and problem-solving
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behavioral therapy
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the therapy that embraces value of freedom and knowing oneself and discovering what one is becoming and responsilibity to act
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existential-humanistic therapy
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describe the pre-group phase
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leader decides goals, purpose, membership
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which group phase involves members orientation, identify tasks, boundries,expectations, and developing trus
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initial phase
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which phase involves members being resistent, testing limits, inclusion and control
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conflict/storming phase
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describe the cohesive/norming phase
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resistence is overcome, open communicatioin, norms are getting established
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which group phase involves a work focus and that the leader serves as a consultant
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working/performing phase
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which theory has a belief that an individual's problematic behavior may serve as a function or purpose for the family and be a symptom of dysfunctional patterns
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family systems theory
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what is the focus of family systems theory and the treatment goals
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focus is on chronic anxiety within families and the treatment goal is to increase awareenss of their function within the family and increased levels of self-differentiation, sibling position, trianges, communication and infants
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what is morphogenesis
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family's tendency to adapt to change when changes are necessary
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what term describes the family's tendency to remain stable in the midst of change
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morphostasis
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what is the focus and goal of bowen's family systems
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focus is on chronic anxiety in families and the goal is to increase awareness of emotional problems one can only change oneself i.e. trianges, projections, cut-off, sibling positions
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which theory believes that an individuals symptoms are rooted in family patternn and the symptom is a function of the health of the whole family
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structural family therapy
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what is the goal of structural family therapy and when is it mostly used
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the goal is to produce structural change to more effectively manage problems (genogram,heirachies), used with deviant adolescents and eating disorders
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what is the focus and goal of experiental therapy
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behavior is determined by personal experience and not be external reality, the goal is growth rather than reduction of symptoms (authenticity and individuality)
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which therapy believes that symptoms are metaphors and reflect problems in hierarchal structure and that symptoms are a way to communicate
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strategic therapy
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what is the goal and what interventions are used in strategic therapy
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goal is to help family members behave in ways that will not perpetuate the problems, interventions are focused and include straight-forward, paradoxical
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descrbie narrative therapy and who developed it
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White, story-based, focus in on self-defeating cognitions in stories families tell themselves about their problems, goal is positive, realistic, productive stories
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which therapy has a focus that is to rework solutions that have previously worked and the goal is effective resolution of problems, miracle questions, exception finding questions
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solution focused therapy
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describe the 5 motivational interviewing stages of change
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1. precontemplation-no intention to change 2. contemplation-aware of problem but no commitment to change 3. preparation-ready for action 4. action-taking specific overt actions 5. maintenance-working to prevent relapse
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describe acronym/questions for alcohol screening
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CAGE cut-down,annoyed,guilty,eye-opener
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alcoholl withdrawal acronym
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PINTOFASA perceptual disturbance,insomnia,nausea,
tremor,onset,flushing of fase,autonomic hyperactivity,seizures,agitation |
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what term describes the study of what the body does to drugs, i.e absorption,metabolism
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pharmokinetics
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what is pharmodynamics
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study of what the drugs due to the body
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what does the hypothalmus regulate
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regulates appetite,thirst,circadian rhythms,water balance, temperature,libido
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what does the thalmus do
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sensory relay except smell, regulates emotional memory
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what does the frontal lobe control
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LIMP language,intelligence,motor function,personality, (Broca, executive functions)
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what does the temporal lobe control
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LAME language,auditory, memory, emotion integration (wernicke)
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which part of the brain regulates memory and converts short-term into long-term
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hippocampus
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which part of the brain mediates mood,fear,emotion, and connects sensory smell
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amygdala
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neurotransmitter that is excitatory and is significant in bipolar and seizures
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glutamate
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an inhibitory neurotransmitter
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GABA
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where is norepinephrine produced
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adrenal glands
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where is seratonin produced
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ralph nuclei
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where is dopamine produced
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substantia nigra
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where is norepinephrine produced
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in the locus ceruleus of pons
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what controls the visual cortex and the integration area
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occipital lobe
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what is the primary sensory area for taste, reading/writing
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parietal lobe
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describe the IQ ranges for mild, moderate,severe and profound mr
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mild 50-70
moderate 35-50 severe 20-35 profound below 20 or 25 |
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what is the theory that states that change in health behaviors occurs in six stages
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trans-theoretical model of change
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what are the five stages of change in the trans-theoretical model of change
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precontemplation,
contemplation,preparation, action,maintenance |
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what model has to do with an interview between t persons and that there are 4 compents of communication
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didactic interpersonal communication model
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what is the health belief model and who developed it
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marshall becker - healthy people do not always take advantage of screening or prevention
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what does diadochokinesia mean
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ability to perform rapid alternating movement
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what does dyssynersia
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finger-to-nose test, heel-to-knee test
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the duty to protect the rights of a person to make decisions and to take actions without external control is what
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autonomy
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the duty to tell the truth and not to lie or deceive others is what
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veracity
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the duty to do no harm is what
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nonmalefiscence
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the duty to be true and loyal to others is what
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fidelity
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word that means fairness to everyone, sound reason, rightfulness of decisions and actions is what
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justice
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the duty to do no harm, not harm others is what
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beneficience
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virtue ethics is individuals that are based on what?
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individual actions are based upon innate moral virtue or character (compassion, moral integrity)
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what theory states that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the consequences or outcome
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teleological theory (utilitarianism/consequalism)
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what theory states that an action is either good or bad based upon the action intself, regarless of the consequences of that act
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deontological theory
(formulism) |
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term that describes when the independent variable (treatment) caused a change in the dependent variable (outcome)
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internal validity
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what is external valididy
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when sample is represenative of the population and the results can be generalized
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what does descriptive statistics describe
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used to describe basic features of the data
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what is standard deviation
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indications of the possible deviations from the mean
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what term describes how the values are dispersed around the mean
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variance
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the larger the variance, the _______ the dispersion of scores
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larger
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what is inferential statistics
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numerical values that enable one to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone
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what does the t-test assess
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assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other
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what does the analysis of variance test
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tests the difference among 3 or more compents
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what is the pearson's r correlation
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tests the relationship between 2 variables
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the likelihood of an event occuring is the what
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probablity
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if the probabablity is 0 what does this mean? if the probability is 1 what does this mean
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0=impossible
1=possible |
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what does the p-value describe
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describes the probability of a particular result occuring by chance
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if p=.01 what does this mean
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1% probability of chance alone
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what is roger's theory of diffusion of innovations
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theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures
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what are the five stages of adoption of the theory of diffusion of innovations
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knowledge stage, persuasion stage,decision stage,implementation stage,confirmation stage
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what is the LEARN model of cultural differences
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L isten with sympathy and understanding
E xplain your perceptions A cknowledge differences R ecommend treatment N egotiate agreement |
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what is the caring theory and who developed it?
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Jean Watson- caring is essential to nursing
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what does the basal ganglia do?
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stablizes motor activity and has to do with EPS, corpus striatum
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what developed the health promotion theory and what does it explain?
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Nola Pender- explains behavior that enhances health and prevents disease
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what is the therapeutic nurse-client relationship and who developed it?
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Hildegard Peplau- based on interpersonal theory
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who developed theory of self-care?
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dorothy orem
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who developed thoery of cutural care and what does it state
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madeline Leininger - regardless of culture, care is essence of nursing
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what are peplau's 4 phases of development of relationship
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orientation,identification,
exploitation, termination/resolution |
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which are freud's stages has to do with trust and disorders that may result are schizophrenia and paranoia
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oral stage
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describe the anal phase, what ages and disorders that may result
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18m to 3 years, potty training, "independence", depressive disorders
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what ages involve the phallic stage and what disorders may result from
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3-6 years, "gender indentity,"
exhibitionism, fear of lost maternal love, sexual idenity disorders |
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which stage involves 6 years to puberty and what disorders may result
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latency, development of peer relationships, learning motor skills development, social phobias
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describe the genital stage
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puberty-forward, integration,
primary genital based sexuality, sexual pervasim disorders |
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which theory was developed by harry sullivan and states that behavior occurs b/c of interpersonal dynamics and self-esteem
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interpersonal theory
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the interpersonal theory has to do with which 2 drives
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satisfaction - security
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describe erikson's infancy stage
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0-1, trust vs. mistrust, ability to form relationships, hope and trust
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describe erikson's early childhood stage
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1-3, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, self-control, willpower
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describe erikson's late childhood stage
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3-6 years, initiative vs. guilt, self-directed behavior, sense of purpose
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describe erikson's school age stage
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6-12 years, ability to work, competency, achievement
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describe erikson's adolescent stage
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12-20, identity vs. role confusion, personal sense of identity
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describe erikson's early adulthood stage
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20-35 years, intimacy vs. isolation, commited to relationships, capacity to love
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describe erikson's middle adulthood stage
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35-65 years, generativity vs. self-absorption, ability to give to others
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describe erikson's late adulthood stage
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greater than 65, integrity vs. despair, fulfillment and insight
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describe cognitive theory and who developed it
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jean piaget, human development evolves throught cognition, learning and comprehending
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describe the 4 stages of cognitive development based upon cognitive theory
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birth-2y - sensor, motor, object permanence, objects have existence indep. of child
preoperational - 2-7y-use of language, magical thinking concrete operations - 7-12-use of logic and reversibility (clay molded into object is still clay) formal operations-12y-adult-thinking abstractly |
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describe social learning/self-efficacy theory and who developed it?
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albert bandura - behavior is result of cognitive and environmental factors, individuals learn by observing others, role-modeling
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describe cognitive therapy and who developed it
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beck/lazarus - cognitive distortions (negative thoughts) lead to behavioral/emotional problems
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what is the type of therapy developed by yolam and rogers and contrasts psychoanalytical and behaviorists, what is the focus of this type of therapy
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humanistic and existential, focus is on meaning of life
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which therapy did rogers develp and what were the major concepts
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humanistic (person-centered), major concepts are self-direction and self-actualization
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describe freud's psychoanalytical theory
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all behavior is meaningful and has purpose but may be unconscious
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what does the id say
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"I WANT" , immediate gratification
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what does the ego say
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"I think, I evaluate," abstact thinking, operates on reality principle and defense mechanisms
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what does the superego say
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"I should, I ought," conscious right and wrong, regulated by guilt and shame
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name the 12 cranial nerves
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oh,oh,oh, to touch and feel a great victory such happiness
olfactory,optic,occipital, trochlear,trigeminal,abducens, facial,acoustic, glosopharyneal,vagus, spinal accessory,hypoglossal |