Adult Neuro Ii Test 1

Front 1

Hypnosis

Back 1

-A wakeful state of focused attention
-Heightened sense of suggestibility
-Diminished peripheral awareness

-NOT a form of unconsciousness
-Relaxation is not required, more alert

Front 2

Left Hemisphere

Back 2

-Convolutions mature more rapidly
-Extends further posteriorly
-Higher in density, more gray matter
-Larger insula
-Larger Sylvian fissure
-Double cingulate gyrus
-Wider occipital lobe
-Larger inferior parietal lobule

Front 3

Right Hemisphere

Back 3

-Convolutions mature less rapidly
-Extends further anteriorly
-Larger and heavier
-Primary auditory gyrus larger on right
-Wider frontal lobe

Front 4

Theory Surrounding Hemispheres

Back 4

-Different sides of brain control different modes of thinking
-We all have a preference for one or the other of these modes

Front 5

Types of Cognitive Processing
Holistic

Back 5

Processing information from whole to part; sees the big picture first, not the details

Front 6

Types of Cognitive Processing
Random

Back 6

Processing information without priority; jumps from one task to another

Front 7

Types of Cognitive Processing
Concrete

Back 7

Processes things that can be seen or touched, real objects

Front 8

Types of Cognitive Processing
Intuitive

Back 8

Processes information based on whether or not it feels right; know answer but not sure how it was derived

Front 9

Types of Cognitive Processing
Nonverbal

Back 9

Processes thought as illustration

Front 10

Types of Cognitive Processing
Fantasy-Oriented

Back 10

Processes information with creativity, less focus on rules and regulations

Front 11

Leonardo da Vinci

Back 11

(1504)
Fairly accurate drawing of ventricles

Front 12

Emanuel Swedenborg

Back 12

(1740)
-Cerebral cortex is functionally specialized
-These areas are separated by fissures and gyri
-Different motor regions controlled different parts of the body

-Never published these findings, turned away from neurology to theology

Front 13

Franz Joseph Gall

Back 13

Phrenology
-Cortex is functionally specialized
-Development of function correlated with size or cortical areas
-These larger/developed areas

Front 14

Paul Broca

Back 14

-His patient could only utter "tan" but could comprehend speech well
-Broca examined his brain after death and presented the case

Front 15

Carl Wernicke

Back 15

-A dynamic view of cortical networks, not localized function

Front 16

Studying The Brain

Back 16

-Lesion Studies: a brain region is destroyed and behavior is observed
-Electrical Recording: overall brain wave activity is monitored by the electroencephalograph (EEG)
-Imaging Techniques- may allow the living brain to be studied for its activity during behavior (PET scans, MRI scans, fMRI, CT)

Front 17

Split Brain Research

Back 17

-Removal of corpus callosum
-Contralaterality of visual, auditory, and tactile systems
-Set up a task that poses a question to one hemisphere and requires the answer from another

Front 18

Split Brain Visual Field Task

Back 18

Flash a picture to either right or left side of patient's field of vision
-When shown to left visual field, patient cannot name object but can pick it out from a set of objects
-When shown to the right visual field, patient can name object since it is transmitted to LH which can form language

Front 19

Right-Hemisphere Language Skills

Back 19

-Very rudimentary syntactic mechanisms
-Plays a role in semantic memory
-Weak in syntactic, expressive, and phonetic skills

Front 20

Lateralization in Normal Subjects

Back 20

-Reaction time for visual field task is shorter
-Dichotic listening task: recall of speech stimuli was superior in the right ear and nonverbal stimuli were better in left ear

Front 21

Cortical Lesions

Back 21

-Differences noted in lesions to left and right hemispheres
-Lesions to other brain locations DO NOT cause a similar dysfunction

Front 22

Wernicke's Area

Back 22

-Located in temporal lobe
-Responsible for comprehension of speech and language
-Helps in the formulation of language concepts

Front 23

Broca's Area

Back 23

-Located in frontal lobe
-Linguistic programming, speech motor programming, and the production of expressive speech and language

Front 24

What are the anatomy areas associated with language disorders?

Back 24

Everywhere and anywhere

Front 25

Right-Hemisphere Dysfunction

Back 25

-Results from neurological damage to the right cerebral hemisphere
-Language and cognition may be affected but different from symptoms seen in aphasia
-Cognitive-linguistic disorder

Front 26

Characteristics of Right-Hemisphere Dysfunction

Back 26

1. Lack of awareness of cognitive-linguistic deficits and denial of problem areas
2. Lack of awareness of left side of body
3. Difficulty recognizing faces
4. Compromised pragmatics
5. Dysarthria or dysphagia when neuromuscular systems are compromized

Front 27

Prosopagnosia

Back 27

Inability to recognize familiar faces

-Seen in Right-Hemisphere Dysfunction

Front 28

Traumatic Brain Injury

Back 28

-Refers to neurological damage to the brain resulting from the impact of external forces

-A leading cause of death and disability in the US

Front 29

Open vs. Closed TBI

Back 29

Open TBI- skull is opened in some way, brain matters are exposed

Closed TBI- skull is closed, no brain exposure, contained

Front 30

Levels of TBI

Back 30

-Concussion
-Mild TBI
-Moderate TBI
-Severe TBI

Front 31

Who is most at risk for TBI?

Back 31

-Males are 2.5 times more likely than females to experience TBI
-Previous head injury, people who have already sustained one or more concussions show correlation with future traumatic brain injuries

Front 32

Sports most susceptible to TBI??

Back 32

1st- Football
2nd- Girl's Soccer

Front 33

Most catastrophic/death sports

Back 33

Overall- BMX
Females- Cheerleading/gymnastics

Front 34

Glascow Coma Scale (GCS)

Back 34

-Rates the best-observed response for eye-opening, verbal response, and motor response

Front 35

Rachos Los Amigos Scales of Cognitive Functioning

Back 35

Levels I to III- severe
Levels IV to VI- middle
Levels VII to X- mild

10 is least severe, 1 is most severe

Front 36

Dementia

Back 36

-A chronic and progressive decline in memory, cognition, language, and personality resulting from central nervous system dysfunction
-APA identifies 3 defining traits of dementia:
1. memory impairment
2. impairment of cognition skills
3. presence of aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia

Front 37

Agnosia

Back 37

Inability to recognize familiar objects/things

Front 38

Identification of Dementia

Back 38

-A team of professionals evaluates suspected dementia to verify its presence, cause, and course of intervention
-Medical testing rules out treatable illnesses that may appear like dementia

Front 39

Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia

Back 39

ABCD
-More comprehensive testing by SLP

Front 40

Pharmacological Treatments of Dementia

Back 40

-Majority of medications currently approved by FDA for dementia target those in mild to moderate stages

Front 41

Alzheimer's

Back 41

Cannot be diagnosed until after death during autopsy
Dementia and its symptoms are often referred to as Alzheimer's

Front 42

Cognitive-Linguistics

Back 42

the study of the relationship between language and the human mind

cognition is about internal processes that are often unobservable

Front 43

Domain 1 General Cognition/Intellectual Functioning

Back 43

Primarily IQ testing
General cognitive ability

Front 44

Domain 2 Language Functioning

Back 44

Interrelated elements of language

Front 45

Domain 3 Memory and Learning

Back 45

These are interrelated but not synonymous

Front 46

Domain 5 Spatial Processing and Visual Perception

Back 46

visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuocontractional functioning

Front 47

Visuoperceptual

Back 47

the ability to perform simple visual discrimination tasks

Front 48

Visuospatial

Back 48

Judgement of distances

Front 49

Visuocontractional

Back 49

Ability to assemble and draw objects

Front 50

Domain 6 Motor Functioning

Back 50

Fine motor and manual motor functioning
Strength, speed, and dexterity

Front 51

Domain 4 Attention

Back 51

Frontal lobe plays important part in mediating attentional abilities
Impacts on memory, learning, speed of processing, etc.

Front 52

Domain 7 Social-Emotional Functioning

Back 52

Deals with personality
Behavioral control, self esteem, mood, self awareness, social and sexual behavior

Front 53

Domain 8 Academic Achievement

Back 53

To determine current levels of functioning across basic academic areas
Primarily with children but some tie in with young adults

Front 54

Executive Function

Back 54

Frontal lobe functioning
Problem-solving abilities, flexibility in thinking, inhibition
Executive function is the ability to do all that it takes to keep your mind on what you are doing in order to execute

Front 55

Executive Skills to Achieve Goals

Back 55

Planning, organization, time management, working memory, metacognition

Front 56

Executive Skills to Guide and Modify Behavior

Back 56

Response inhibition, self-regulation, task initiation, flexibility

Front 57

Atkinson and Shriffin

Back 57

1968- early model of memory
Info passes into short term memory and then you get response output and info can also be encoded into long term memory
Problems: model says short term storage required for entry into long term storage, model says the length of time in short term storage determines likelihood of long term memory storage

Front 58

Braddley and Hitch Model

Back 58

1974- Working Memory
Visual spatial sketchpad, central executive, and phonological loop all interrelated

Front 59

Phonological Loop

Back 59

Inner voice, inner ear
Phonological similarity effect, wordlength effect, subvocal articulation, auditory noise
Holds spoken information for 1.5 to 2 seconds

Front 60

Visual Spatial Sketchpad

Back 60

Closely related to visual imagery, used to encode nonverbal visual and spatial information

Front 61

Central Executive

Back 61

Attentional control, dividing attention, switching attention from one task to another

Front 62

Baddeley's More Recent Model of Working Memory

Back 62

Adds episodic buffer which holds integrated episodes and integrates visual and auditory information

Front 63

Current Model of Memory

Back 63

Contains fluid systems and crystallized systems

Front 64

Stage Model of Memory

Back 64

3 memory stores (sensory, working and long-term memory)

Control processes (attention, maintenance rehearsal, encoding and retrieval) govern movement of information within and between stores

Front 65

Sensory Memory Store

Back 65

Holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
Can hold many items at once, large capacity
Very brief duration, 0.3 seconds for visual info, 2 seconds for auditory info
Forms automatically, without attention or interpretation

Front 66

Working Memory Store

Back 66

Conscious processing of information
Holds 7 + or - 2 items
Brief storage, about 30 seconds, maintenance rehearsal required to keep memory longer than 30 seconds
Attention is needed to transfer sensory memory to working memory

Front 67

Long Term Memory Store

Back 67

Organizes and stores information, more passive form of storage than working memory
Unlimited capacity
Very long duration, thought by some to be permanent

Front 68

Chunking

Back 68

Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information
Expands working memory load

Front 69

Hierarchial Organization

Back 69

Related items clustered together to form categories
Related categories clustered to form higher-order categories

Front 70

Network Model

Back 70

Attempt to depict structure of memory as concepts linked by associations
Links between concepts, shorter path between 2 concepts=stronger association in memory

Front 71

State-Dependent Memory

Back 71

Recall improved if internal physiological or emotional state is the same during testing and initial encoding
Internal, physiological factors

Front 72

Context-Dependent Memory

Back 72

External, environmental factors

Front 73

Schema Theories

Back 73

Schema - mental representation of an object, scene or event
Scripts - type of schema

Front 74

Explicit Memory

Back 74

Also known as declarative or conscious memory
Memory consciously recalled or declared

Front 75

Episodic Memory

Back 75

Explicit
Memory tied to your own personal experiences

Front 76

Semantic Memory

Back 76

Explicit
Memory not tied to personal events, general facts and definitions about the world

Front 77

Implicit Memory

Back 77

Also known as nondeclarative memory
Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness

Front 78

Classical Conditioning

Back 78

Implicit because it is automatically retrieved

Front 79

Procedural Memory

Back 79

Implicit
Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses

Front 80

Priming

Back 80

Implicit
The influence of one memory on another
Activation of one or more existing memories by a stimulus

Front 81

Mneumonics

Back 81

Associations – keywords and images
Rhymes
Method of places – recall the route
First letters

Front 82

Attention

Back 82

Attention enhances some information and inhibits other information. The enhancement enables us to select some information for further processingThe inhibition enables us to set some information aside.

Front 83

Serial Bottlenecks

Back 83

A constriction or restriction on the amount of information that can be processed at once forcing serial processing

Front 84

Components of Attention

Back 84

disengaging of attention from the current location

moving attention to a new location

engaging attention in a new location to facilitate processing in that location.

Front 85

Broadbent's Filter Theory

Back 85

Sensory information is processed until a bottleneck is reached
One of the inputs is then allowed through a filter on the basis of its physical characteristics, with the other input remaining in the buffer for later processing