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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does Peripheral artery disease affect more?
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lower extremities over upper extremities
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What has same causes as CAD
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PAD
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What are teh 4 stages of peripheral arterial disease?
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1. asymptomatic, 2. claudication, 3. rest-pain, 4. necrosis/gangrene
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What indicates stage one of PVD?
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no claudication, bruit, or aneurysm, pedal pulses may be absent or decreased
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What indicates stage 2 of pvd?
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muscle pain, cramping, or burning with activity and relieved with rest: symptoms are reproducible with exercise
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What indicates Stage 3 of PVD?
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pain while resting or at night, complaints of numbness, burning, pain in distal portion of extremity (not calf), pain relieved by placing extremity in dependent position
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What are some physical findings of PVD?
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loss of hair to lower calf, ankles, and foot
dry scaly, dusky, pale, mottled skin thickened toe nails colder extremities dependent rubor (redness) |
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What are arterial ulcers?
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painful and develop on toes, between toes, or on upper foot, ulcer bed is pale
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What are some diagnostic assessments for PVD?
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peripheral angiography, ankle-brachial index, stress test
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What do you use to see how severe PVD is?
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ankle-brachial index
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What are some interventions for PVD?
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exercise, promoting vasodilation, medication, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, atherectomy, surgery (femoral pop)
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What are some meds for PVD
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pentoxifylline (trental), clopidogrel (Plavix), aspirin
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What is a fem pop?
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bypass the blockage int eh legs usually closes in 3-6 months
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What is Buerger's disease
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limited to medium and small arteries and veins in distal extremities
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What is buergers disease associated with
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smoking
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Some signs of buergers disease
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claudication in arch of foot, aching more severe at night, sensitive to cold, superficial phlebitis, ulcers and gangrene
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What are some treatments for buergers disease
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stop smoking, avoid exposure to cold, promote vasodilation, keep warm
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Claudication
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muscle cramping in the calf
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What can you do to increae circulation to the extremities
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walk regularly
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What causes Reynauds Phenomenon or Disease?
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vasospasm of aterioles and arteries
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What does vasospasm cause?
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blanching of the extremity
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What are some signs and symptoms of Reynaud's
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extremities are numb and cold, pain and swelling may occur, ulcers and gangrene may result
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What may aggravate attacks of Reynaud's disease?
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cold or stress
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When does Reynauds Phenomonon occur
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older than age 30
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When does Reynauds disease usually occur?
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between 17 and 30
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How do you manage Reynauds
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prevent vasconstriction
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What are some meds for Reynauds
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Procardia, Cyclospasmol, Dibenzyline
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What may the meds for Reynauds cause
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flushing, headaches, hypotension, and dizziness
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How can you help prevent vasoconstriction in Reynauds
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minimize exposure to cold, meds, decrease stress (identify stressors), wear warm clothes
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What may alter venous bloodflow?
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thrombus formation, defective valves, venous insufficiency, varicose veins
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What may a venous thrombosis become?
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pulmonary emboli
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What may they do with people w/ venous thrombosis
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put on bed rest
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What may a venous thrombosis be associated with?
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endothelial injury, venous stasis, hypercoaguability
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What is thrombophlebitis?
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associated with inflammation, most frequently occurs in deep vein of lower extremity, deep vein thrombosis (more serious than superficial, increased risk for pulmonary embolism)
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Where does thrombophlebitis usually occur
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deep vein of lower extremity
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What are some risk factors for venous thrombosis?
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surgical patients, prenancy, ulcerative colitis, heart failure, immobility
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What are some parts of clinical assessment for venous thrombosis?
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calf/groin tenderness, pain and sudden onset of unilateral swelling of the leg, positive Homan's sign, calf circumference, doppler study, impedence pleysmography
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What are some interventions for venous thrombosis?
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bedrest, elevate extremity, continuous warm moist heat, monitor for signs and symptoms of pulmonary emboli, meds (heparin, lovenox, coumadin, birds nest filter, ligation)
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What does venous insufficiency occur as a result of?
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prolonged venous hypertension (stretches vein, damages valves)
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What occurs in venous insufficiency?
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edema, stasis ulcers, statis dermatitis, pooling of venous blood
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How do you treat edema from venous insufficiency?
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compression stockings, elevate legs, elevate legs above heart level (when in bed), SCDs
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What are some treatment options for venous stasis ulcers?
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dressings (oxygen permeable or nonpermeable), unna boot, chemical debridement
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What are some parts of client teaching?
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avoid standing, elevate legs when sitting, avoid crossing legs, avoid (girdles, tight pants, narrow banded knee highs), anti embolism hose
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