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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Presbyopia
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A gradual decline in the ability of the lens to accommodate or to focus on close objects. Individual is unable to see near objects clearly
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Cataract
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Cloudy or opaque areas in part or the entire lens that interfere with passage of light through the lens. Cataracts usually develop gradually, without pain, redness, or tearing in the eye.
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Open-angle glaucoma
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Usually bilateral and asymptomatic in early stages. An increase in intraocular pressure caused by an obstruction which reduces the outflow of aqueous humor. Causes progressive pressure against the optic nerve, resulting in visual field loss, which can lead to blindness, decreased visual acuity, and a halo effect seen around objects if untreated. 10 % of people over 80 have this. It is the most common OUTFLOW problem.
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Diabetic retinopathy
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Pathological changes occur in the blood vessels of the retina, resulting in decreased vision or vision loss.
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Macular degeneration
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Condition in which the macula loses its ability to function efficiently. First signs may include blurring of reading matter, distortion or loss of central vision, and distortion of vertical lines.
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Prebycusis
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A common progressive hearing disorder in older adults.
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Cerumen accumulation
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Buildup of earwax in the external auditory canal. Cerumen, which is normally absorbed in a younger person's ear, becomes hard and collects in the canal and causes a conduction deafness
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Visual changes during adulthood include
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presbyopia (inability to focus on near objects) and the need for glasses for reading.
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Hearing changes, which begin at age 30, include
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decreased hearing acuity, speech intelligibility, pitch discrimination, and hearing threshold.
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Proprioceptive changes after age 60 include
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difficulty with balance, spatial orientation, and coordination.
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legal definition of blindness
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best corrected of 20/200 or less than 20deg in best eye
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Clinical course of dry macular degeneration?
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slowly progressive, peripheral vision remains intact
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Name the dz: sudden visual loss with distortion, hemorrage, edema, exudates, drusen, RPE changes
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wet macular degeneration
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Question
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Answer
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glaucoma
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condition characteized by increased pressure within the eye caused by failure of the aqueous humor to drain
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blepharitis
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bacterial infection of the eyelid that causes crusting, redness, and irritation
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sensorineural hearing loss
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alteration in the perception of or sensitivity to high-pitched sounds; occurs with problems in the inner ear
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presbycusis
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decreased ability to hear high-pitched sounds
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tinnitus
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ringing in the ears
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external otitis
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an inflammation and infection of the epithelium of the auricle and ear canal
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vertigo
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dizziness; inablity to maintain balance in either a sitting or standing position
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What is meneries disease?
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Ear problem, Pressure in the endolymphatic sac, NA+ retention,attacks w/ anxiety, Can be months or years between attacks
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What is angle closure glaucoma?
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Sudden onset,considered medical emergency, foward displacement of iris obstructs aqueous humor,^pressure rapid, sudden extreme pain around eyes
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Anti glaucoma meds
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Reducing IOP by either ^ drainage or decreasing production of aqeous humor or both.
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What is Entropion and what is the main concern with it?
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Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid, most commonly the lower eyelid.
The main concern is for corneal abrasion!! The eyelashes may scratch the cornea. |
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Blepharatis is ...
Two types are ... |
inflammation of the eyelid. Causes itching and occasionally burning red eyes. Crusting exudate and scales are seen.
Two types are bacterial and seborrheic (same as dandruff) . Can be a chronic problem. |
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Blepharatis is treated with...
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baby shampoo
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ptosis is ...
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drooping eyelids. A person with ptosis is not able to lift one or both upper eyelids to uncover the eye completely.
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exothalmus is ...
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abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs. Commonly seen in Graves disease.
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What is Entropion?
What do you need to check for if you have entropion? What is the treatment? |
outward turning or drooping of the eyelid (usu. caused by aging) Check for damage to the eyes by corneal drying and ulceration.
Treatment is surgery to tighten the muscles that have weakened. |
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What is Hordeolum?
Treatment? Is it contagious? |
a sty
warm compress and antibiotic ointment. YES! Highly-it is usu strep or staph! |
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What is chalazion?
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a slowly enlarging nodule on the eyelid formed by inflammation of the meibomian glands or Zeis sebaceous glands.
Usu. painless and usu sterile. No visual changes |
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca AKA...
What kind of drug can lead to this? |
dry eye syndrome
Anticholinergics |
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_______ is a sense that never sleeps
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hearing
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What common problem in elderly can decrease hearing and mental status?
How can you address it? |
cerumen impaction
ear irrigation |
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If there is a perforation in the ear or otitis media, do you want to irrigate the ear?
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NO!
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If you irrigate ear, what temp should water be? What would happen if the water was not this temp?
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body temp
Cold or hot water would stimulate the vagas nerve. |
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What is Otitis Externa?
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inflammation of the external ear canal.
AKA swimmers ear. Caused by excess moisture and trauma or over aggressive irrigation |
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If otitis externa is malignant or necrotizing, what can happen?
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can go to brain or bone. Can cause meningitis which has a 50% mortality rate.
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What is acute otitis media?
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rapid onset
inflamed tympanic membrane eustachian tuve dysfunction due to swelling. More common prob in children. Also occurs in immunocompromised. |
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Chronic otitis media leads to...
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scarring. Need tubes for chronic probs
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Serous Otitis Media...
What is important to teach the pt? |
accumulation of fluid in the middle ear most often due to eustachian tube dysfunction.
Important to teach the pt to clear the eust. tube |
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myringotomy is ...
what is important for pt ed? |
surgical opening of ear drum
avoid straining with a BM do not drink with a straw for 2-3 weeks avoid excess coughing for 2-3 weeks stay away from people w colds blow one side of nose at a time gently, have your mouth open. avoid getting head wet for 1 week keep ear dry for 6 weeks, by placing cotton ball with vaseline on it in ear. Change cotton ball daily. avoid rapidly moving head for 3 weeks change ear dressing every 24 hrs report excess drainage immediately to physician |
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common complication of labyrinthitis
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meningitis
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barotrauma
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trauma to ear due to sudden severe negative air pressure (diving)
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mastoiditis
Does myringotomy relieve the pain? |
Acute or chronic infection of mastoid air cells in the temporal bone due to poorly treated otitis media.
The pain is not relieved by myringotomy!! |
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Mastoiditis... treatment
Where doe the pt usu stay? |
if intracranial signs exist, CBC, C and S, CT scan, lumbar puncture
Treatment is IV antibiotic and surgical exision of infected bone and tympanoplasty. Pt usu stays in neurological ICU due to meningitis danger |
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tinnitis diagnosis is...
it is determined by... What can cause it? |
Ringing ears
patient perception thyroid, changes in blood pressure, drugs |
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If tinnitis is sudden, you should suspect what cause?
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drugs
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what is different between vertigo and dizziness?
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vertigo: the world is moving around you.
dizziness: you are moving around in the world. |
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vertigo is usu accompanied by ...
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N/V, falling, headache, nystagmus
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Benign paroxymal positional vertigo is....
is hearing affected? diagnosed how? |
INCAPACITATING!!!
Hearing is not affected. Diagnosed using the Dix-Hallpiuke Maneuver. |
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labyrinthitis S/S...
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hearing loss, tinnitus, ***nystagmus to the affected side***, vertigo, N/V
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what can help differentiate between Labyrinthitis and Meniere's disease?
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labyrinthitis can have nystagmus to the affected side.
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How do you deal w vertigo?
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get to a safe place
stop all activity reduce environmental stimuli lie down on a firm surface |
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If Meniere's is secondary to another disease, what may you hear it called?
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Meniere's Syndrome
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Treatment for Meniere's
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STRICT ADHERANCE TO A LOW SODIUM DIET!! 1 gram
Sodium wasting drugs such as Diazide Treat N/V |
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acoustic neuromas symptoms...
arise from what usu? Treatment? |
one sided hearing loss, tinnitis, facial weakness and possible vertigo.
90% from Schwann cell. surgical excision |
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2 kinds of hearing loss
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conductive and sensorineural
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conductive loss occurs when...
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sound waves are blocked from contact with inner ear bnerves fibers, due to inner ear or middle ear disorders
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sensorineural loss occurs when
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inner ear nerve (sensory) fibers that lead to the cerebral cortex are damaged, cranial nerve VIII
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conditions causing sensorineural loss
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prolonged noise exposure
persbycusis ototoxic substances meneire's acoustic neuroma diabetes mellitis labyrinthitis infection Myxdema |
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condiitons causing conductive loss
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cerumen
foreign body perforation of tympanic membrane edema infection of external ear or middle ear tumors otosclerosis |
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what can soften cerumen before irrigation?
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mineral oil
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if pt hears better in a noisy evironment, what hearing loss do you suspect?
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conductive loss
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If air conduction is less than bone conduction when tested, suspect...
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sensorineural loss
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If pt is speaking loudly, is occasionally dizzy, has tinnitus, has a normal appearance of external canal and tympanic membrane, hears poorly in loud environment, what do you suspect?
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sensorineural hearing loss
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Otosclerosis is ...
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slowly progressive conductive hearing loss and tinnitius, usu bilateral.
Vertigo in 25% pts Metabolic disease or resorption and replacement |
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stapedectomy is...
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ear drum is opened and movement of middle ear bones are tested.
New bone growth and or old stapes removed and prothesis is placed. |
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hearing aid battery lasts....
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5 to 40 days
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how old do you have to be to get a cochlear implant?
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2 yrs
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cochlear implant directly stimulates the ______________
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auditory nerve, VIII, (#8)
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