Adult Development And Aging Chapter 6 Terms

Front 1

Personality

Back 1

Can be defined in many ways, and this ahs implications for its imeasurement, relationship to coping, and therapy

Front 2

Stability

Back 2

Thinking about personality in terms of ___ versus change with age has a number of important everyday implications. We do seem to change in some readily observable ways as we age, while in more fundamental ways we are in many respects the same people we were when we were young.

Front 3

Trait

Back 3

An internal quality or characteristic reflected in behavior that is consistent across situations

Front 4

Social Learning

Back 4

Personality theory that emphasized the role of models who serve as guides for the construction of internal standards of behavior

Front 5

Cognitive theory of personality

Back 5

Approach to personality emphasizing one's perceptions or cognitions about experiences or events

Front 6

Personality as a continuum of views

Back 6

Those who emphasize inernal processes and constructs (e.g., ego, id, superego) or qualities (traits) are on one extreme, and those who emphasize observable behaviors in response to the immediate environment are at the other end of this continuum

Front 7

Epigenetic

Back 7

One's identity undergoes several transformations. These crises are ___, that is, they arise out of a maturational ground plan and eventually come together to form the whole individual.

Front 8

Trust

Back 8

The ___ ____ crisis, which is especially relevant to being cared for in a timely way, may reemerge in young adulthood, when we often crystallize our feelings about educational or career goals, our ideals, and relationships with a partner. Each of these equires the ability to project oneself into the future, and requires ___ in one's own skills and abilities, and more importantly,a sense of ___ in time itself; one must have faith that goals will be realized.

Front 9

Generativity

Back 9

Erikson's notion that suggests persons who are middle-aged find ways of being creative or productive as a way of ensuring that they will live on after their death

Front 10

Intimacy

Back 10

Erikson's notion that applied to young adults, who are thought to be seeking a meaningful relationship with another person as an extension of the lov ethey received from their parents

Front 11

Ego identity

Back 11

One's ability to form a mutual relationship is a function of the individual's previous efforts in establishing a stable sense of ___ ____ (versus identity confusion) in adolescence.

Front 12

Integrity

Back 12

A sense of completeness about one's life characterized by an acceptance of death (Erikson)

Front 13

Stage

Back 13

Erikson sees personality development in terms of eight psychosocial crises, or ___, which can be resolved positively or negatively.

Front 14

Introspection

Back 14

Looking inward and examining what one finds

Front 15

Life structure

Back 15

Levinson's concept emphasizing the overall [plan of one's life, composed of many interrelated aspects (e.g., work vs. family)

Front 16

Prescriptive vs. descriptive

Back 16

Any approach to personality development emphasizing developmental stages is more properly viewed as a ____ framework within which to view individual development, rather than as ____ in nature-- reflecting a desire to "predict" th ecrises of adult life.

Front 17

Self-efficacy

Back 17

Challenges to our identity, and sense of mastery or ___ ____ brought by "marker events", which cause us to compare ourselves at present with ourselves in the past.

Front 18

Gender splitting

Back 18

Women went through the same transitions as do men, and these changes were experiences at similar ages. However, ___ ____ permeated every aspect of these women's lives; how they defined themselves, the choice and availability of careers to them, their roles within marriage, and the perception that it was "unnatural" to be the head of the household, an executive, and a leader if one was a female.

Front 19

Dialectics

Back 19

Theory of Riegel that suggests internal factors (genetically preprogrammed instinctual behaviors, traits, characteristics, physiological state) and external factors (aspeects of the physical environment, cultural components) continuously influence and are influenced by each other

Front 20

Identity styles

Back 20

One's style of interacting with others that influences self-concept and self-esteem.

Front 21

Balanced

Back 21

Successful development of adaptation occurs when there is a balance between identity assimilation and identity accommodation.

Front 22

Emotion focused vs. Problem focused

Back 22

As aging involves adaptation to physical change and to new roles, it is not surprising that people with each identity style will cope with stress and change differently. For example, becoming defensive, withdrawing, being in denial, or acting out, which are all ____ ___ coping styles, may be helpful in an emergency. In contrast, seeking advice and information and solving problems each a form of ____ ____ coping, are more advantageous when making an important new purchase such as a car or a house.

Front 23

Appraisal

Back 23

From the cognitive personality theory, it is suggested that how we ____ what happens to us can assist us in evaluating events and modifying our response to the situation change or task to be coped with.

Front 24

Assimilation

Back 24

Piagetian styles of interacting with the environment; assimilation involves changing the environment to suit one's behavior

Front 25

Accommodation

Back 25

Piagetian styles of interacting with the environment; accommodation involves changing one's ehavior to fit the environment.

Front 26

NEO model

Back 26

Costa and McCrae's Five Factor Approach. N (Neuroticism), E (Extroversion), O (openness to experience). Later, two other factors (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) were added to form a five factor model of personality.

Front 27

Interiority

Back 27

Neugarten's term for the tendency to become preoccupied with one's inner experiences (intrapsychic level) with increased age.

Front 28

Life events

Back 28

The study of individuals experiencing specific ___ ___ provides an opportunity to observe changes within individuals including changes in routines, roles, relationships, and views of self. Can be catalysts for physical and emotional illness, or can cause personal growth. Still others serve as antecedents for behavioral change.

Front 29

Primary appraisal

Back 29

Allow persons to evaluate the event in terms of its being positive, neutral, or stressfull and negative.

Front 30

Secondary appraisal

Back 30

Allows the individual to decide upon what options are available to cope with the event, if a chosen course of action is possible, and if the behaviors chosen will produce positive or negative outcomes.

Front 31

Tertiary appraisal

Back 31

Reappraisal; allows one to incorporate new information into the situation. At this point, one might evaluate whether the course of action taken was effective.

Front 32

Primary control

Back 32

Individuals as they age may decide that they lack ____ ___ over events in their lives, and consequently exert secondary control over such events by reinterpreting what these events mean to them personally. Directed to the external world

Front 33

Activity theory

Back 33

Theory that suggests that the older individual who manages to resist withdrawal from the social world and remains active will maintain life satisfaction

Front 34

Personality type

Back 34

Neugarten's clusters of personalities whose styles differ and who vary regarding life satisfaction

Front 35

Positive comparison

Back 35

Things are not so bad compared to other things

Front 36

Selective ignoring

Back 36

Looking for the good aspects of something

Front 37

Secondary control

Back 37

Control directed at the self

Front 38

Disengagement theory

Back 38

Theory that suggests that with increasing age individuals withdraw (disengage) from society and society withdraws (disengages) from the individual. There are two types of disengagement, psychological and social. The theory has been reformulated to account for individual differences.

Front 39

Coping style

Back 39

A few cross-sectional studies do suggest age differences in ___ ____s, uutilizing a cognitive framework to examine the relationship between stress and coping.