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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is learning about the normal aging process important?
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It can lead us to new insights about understanding our own lives, as well as strengthen our relationships with our children, parents, or grandparents. It can help us set realistic and attainable goals for ourselves in the future. It can help us separate myth from fact, and normal from abnormal aging processes. It can enable us to be more effective and empathic in how we do our jobs.
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What is a person-environment interaction, and why is it important to the study of adult development and aging?
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The concept of person-environment interaction provides an excellent overall perspective to view the process of development and change during adulthood. Person-environment interaction suggests that all aspects of human behavior and performance are the result of the interaction or transactions between individuals and their environment. Thus, successful adaptation and adjustment during adulthood require persons to be selective in their choice of stimuli, responses and behavior, and to compensate for changes in ability or health that result from the aging process in order to optimize their behavior and performance.
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Why is the process of adult development and aging considered a continuous, holistic, and dynamic process?
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Adulthood is difficult to separate into discrete or independent stages. Factors or issues that affect people during adulthood should be viewed rather as interrelated, and as a whole rather than as independent factors or events. We do not age "in parts."
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What is the relationship between person-environment interaction and a developmental niche?
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The concepts of person-environment-fit and adaptation level are very similar to what has been termed a developmental niche. A person's developmental niche is defined int erms of the culture or environment in which the individual best functions.
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What are the differences among intra-individual change, individual differences, and intra-individual differences?
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Intra-individual change refers to change within the person over time on any behavior, ability, trait, or skill, and are also termed age-related changes. Individual differences are differences between individuals in any ability, trait, or characteristic. Intra-individual differences refer to differences among traits, behaviors, abilities, or performance within a specific individual at any point in time.
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Describe how age-normative, history-normative, and non-normative influences affect behavior and life span development.
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Age-normative influences are general to the process of development and are highly related to chronological age. They generally affect persons of a specific age in a paarticular manner, and can be the result of either biophysiological processes, or social-environmental factors. History-normative influences occur at a specific time and affect everyone in that society or culture. They have either a short-term or long-term effect upon individuals. Non-normative influences are not related to age or history but still affect specific individuals. They cannot be attributed to the normal process of development or to the impact of historical change events.
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Why is adult development and aging considered multidimensional, multidirectional, and pluralistic?
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The normal aging process is multidimensional since it affects us simultaneously on a number of dimensions of behavior and functioning. Sensory perceptual, biophysiological, cognitive/intellectual, and personal-interpersonal, and cultural-environmental.
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What are some of the common definitions of age?
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Chronological age, legal age
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What are the two most widely used methods of classifying persons to periods of the life cycle? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of each method?
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the two most widely used methods of classifying individuals to periods of the life cycle are by either age or by developmental tasks. Age is convenient, but too often masks the distinctive individual patterns of adaptation to changes that occur with increasing age. The developmental task approach is seen in normative terms, but they often vary as a function of factors such as culture, gender, and occupation; always relative, never absolute.
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Wat are some of the common definitions of age?
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Chronological age, legal age
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What are the two most widely used methods of classifying persons to periods of the life cycle? What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of each method?
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The two most widely used methods of classifying individuals to periods of the life cycle are by either age or by developmental tasks. Age may be convenient, but too frequently masks the distinctive individual patterns of adaptation to changes that occur with increasing age. The developmental task approach's weakness is that these tasks vary with cultures.
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Why are developmental tasks important to adult development and aging?
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Developmental tasks are age-specific expectancies, in terms of the acquisition of specific skills, behaviors, and activities. They are useful in that they provide individuals with a system of age norms and age appropriate behaviors.
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What are the seven types of transitions which persons could experience during adult development and aging?
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(1) Elected, (2) Surprises, (3) Nonevents, (4) Life on hold, (5) Sleepers, (6) Double whammies, (7) Legal/chronological
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Compare and contrast the cross-sectional, longitudinal, and time lag research designs.
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Cross-sectional designs compare individuals who vary in age at a specific time of measurement. Longitudinal designs involve comparing individuals of the same age at different times of measurement. Time lag research degins assess some aspect of cultural change rather than age effects. They involve at least two separate times of measurement on the variables of interest, involving individuals of identical ages from different cohorts.
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What is Schaie's tri-factorial approach?
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In an attempt to address the inherent weaknesses in the three traditional developmental research designs, Schaie proposed a more complicated set of approaches, each derived from the three traditional designs. These are the time sequential, cohort sequential, and the cross sequential designs. Three factors, age, cohort, and time of measurement, are the dimensions of interest.
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Define and give an example of Birren's three types of age.
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Biological age, psychological age, and social age, each thought to be independent of one another. Biological age is considered to be the relative age or condition of the individual's organ and body systems. Psychological age refers to the adaptive capacities of an individual such as one's coping ability, problem solving skill, or intelligence. Social age refers to the habits, behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, and activities of an individual relative to the expectations of society.
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To what extent is the aging process still surrounded by misinformation, stereotypes, and biases?
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Views about the aging process and later adulthood continue to be clouded by misinformation.
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What is an aging society?
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A society in which the percentage of "older" individuals is becoming larger than the percentage of "younger" individuals.
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What are the current attitudes toward aging in the United States? How do these attitudes compare to other cultures?
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Negative attitudes about older people are widespread in both the United States and Germany, while there are positive attitudes toward old age in Sweden, and respect for the elderly is built into the social fabric of most Asian countries.
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