Adolescent Psychology Chapter 2

Front 1

The changes in physiology, anatomy,and physical functioning that develop a personinto a mature adult biologically and prepare thebody for sexual reproduction.

Back 1

puberty

Front 2

A network of glands in thebody. Through hormones, the glands coordinatetheir functioning and affect the developmentand functioning of the body.

Back 2

endocrine system

Front 3

Chemicals, released by the glandsof the endocrine system, that affect the developmentand functioning of the body,includingdevelopmentduring puberty.

Back 3

hormones

Front 4

The “master gland,” locatedin the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex,that affects a wide range of physiologicalandpsychological functioning and stimulatesandregulates the production of hormones byother glands, including the ones involved inthe initiation of puberty.

Back 4

hypothalamus

Front 5

hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary.

Back 5

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Front 6

A protein, produced by fat cells, thatsignals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty.

Back 6

leptin

Front 7

A gland about half an inchlong located at the base of the brain thatreleases gonadotropins as part of the body’spreparation for reproduction.

Back 7

pituitary gland

Front 8

Hormones (FSH and LH) thatstimulate the development of gametes.

Back 8

gonadotropins

Front 9

Alongwith LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles.

Back 9

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 10

Along with FSH,stimulates the development of gametes and sexhormones in the ovaries and testicles.

Back 10

lutenizing hormone (LH)

Front 11

Cells, distinctive to each sex, thatare involved in reproduction (egg cells in theovaries of the female and sperm in the testesof the male).

Back 11

gametes

Front 12

The ovaries and testicles. Also knownas the sex glands.

Back 12

gonads

Front 13

Androgens and estrogensthat cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Back 13

sex hormones

Front 14

The sex hormones that haveespecially high levels in females from pubertyonward and are mostly responsible for femaleprimary and secondary sex characteristics.

Back 14

estrogens

Front 15

The sex hormones that have especiallyhigh levels in males from puberty onwardandare mostly responsible for male primaryandsecondary sex characteristics.

Back 15

androgens

Front 16

The estrogen most importantin pubertal development among girls.

Back 16

estradiol

Front 17

The androgen most importantin pubertal development among boys.

Back 17

testosterone

Front 18

The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production.

Back 18

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 19

System of hormones involvingthe hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjuststhe levels of the sex hormones.

Back 19

feedback loop

Front 20

Optimal level of sex hormonesin the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced.

Back 20

set point

Front 21

The rapid increasein height that takes place at the beginning of puberty.

Back 21

adolescent growth spurt

Front 22

The point at whichthe adolescent growth spurt is at its maximumrate.

Back 22

peak height velocity

Front 23

Uneven growth of differentparts of the body during puberty.

Back 23

asynchoncity

Front 24

The feet, hands, and head.

Back 24

extremities

Front 25

A ratio of height to weight

Back 25

body mass index (BMI)

Front 26

The amount of air that can beexhaled after a deep breath, which increasesrapidly during puberty, especially for boys.

Back 26

vital capacity

Front 27

Ameasure of the ability of the body to take inoxygen and transport it to various organs; peaksin the early 20s.

Back 27

maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)

Front 28

A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart.

Back 28

cardiac output

Front 29

Efforts to reduce healthproblems in young people through encouragingchanges in the behaviors that put young peopleat risk.

Back 29

health promotion

Front 30

A girl's first menstrual period.

Back 30

menarche

Front 31

The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs.

Back 31

primary sex characteristics

Front 32

Bodilychanges of puberty not directly related to reproduction.

Back 32

secondary sex characteristics

Front 33

Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days.

Back 33

ovum

Front 34

Beginning of developmentof sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty.

Back 34

spermarche

Front 35

External female sex organs, including thelabia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris.

Back 35

vulva

Front 36

Part of vulva; Latin for "large lips"

Back 36

labia majora

Front 37

Part of vulva; Latin for "small lips"

Back 37

labia minora

Front 38

Part of the vulva in which females' sexual sensations are concentrated

Back 38

clitoris

Front 39

The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty

Back 39

breast buds

Front 40

Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty.

Back 40

areola

Front 41

A change in the characteristics of a population over time

Back 41

secular trend

Front 42

Term meaning that genesestablish a range of possible development andenvironment determines where developmenttakes place within that range.

Back 42

reaction range

Front 43

A bath Orthodox women would take a week after their period finished.

Back 43

mikveh

Front 44

The prohibition on sexual rela-tions between family members. Believed to bebiologically based, as children born to closelyrelated parents are at higher risk for geneticdisorders.

Back 44

incest taboo

Front 45

The combinationof behavioral, emotional, and physicalsymptomsthat occur in some females the weekbeforemenstruation.

Back 45

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Front 46

A male’s first ejaculation.

Back 46

semenarche

Front 47

Organized by age, for example in schools.

Back 47

age-graded

Front 48

Debate over the relativeimportance of biology and the environmentinhuman development.

Back 48

nature-nurture debate

Front 49

Theory that both genetics and environmentmake essential contributions to humandevelopmentbut are difficult to unravel becauseourgenes actually influence the kind of environmentwe experience.

Back 49

theory of genotype -> environment

Front 50

Situation in biological families thatparents provide both genes and environmentfor their children, making genes and environmentdifficult to separate in their effects onchildren’sdevelopment

Back 50

passive genotype -> environment

Front 51

Occur when a person’s inherited characteristicsevoke responses from others in theenvironment.

Back 51

evocative genotype -> environment

Front 52

Occur when people seek out environmentsthat correspond to their genotypic characteristics.

Back 52

active genotype -> environment