Adolescence And Early Adulthood

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the passage from childhood to adulthood

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adolescence

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process that leads to sexual maturity or fertility

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puberty

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period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes

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puberty

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Physical changes in adolescence

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sexual maturation, height, and weight. marked weight and height gains, muscular growth, facial and chest hair growth in mails, pubic hair growth, breast growth in females, lower voice for both males and females, menarche(girls first menstruation)

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Gender differences in height and weight gain in adolescence

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gender difference: in early adolescence. girls tend to outweigh boys, girls tend to be as tall as or taller than boys. Growth spurt: a rapid increase in height and weight. typically lasts about 2 years. results in common gawkiness. teens become more concerned about their appearance.

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Growth Spurt

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Begins 2 years earlier for girls. girls gain approximately 3.5 inches. boys gain approximately 4 inches.

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Endocrine system plays a role in puberty and involves interaction. use of the

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hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads

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a structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex

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hypothalamus

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an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands

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pituitary gland

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the testes in males, the ovaries in females

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gonads

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hormone associated in boys with the development of genitals, increased height, and a change in voice

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testosterone

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is a type of estrogen. in girls it is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development.

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estradiol

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testosterone and estradiol are present in the hormonal makeup of both ...

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boys and girls

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What triggers puberty?

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leptin is the most important signal

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a protein produced by fat cells

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leptin

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rising levels of leptin signal to hypothalamus. thyroid and adrenal cortex secrete hormones which leads to somatic changes. adrenarche: maturation of adrenal glands

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triggers puberty

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the timing of puberty. there has been a decrease or increase of the pubertal onset?

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decrease

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what are possible explanations for a decrease in the average pubertal onset?

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higher standard living/better nutrition. overweight (% body fat for hormones). relationship with father (phermones)

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Positives and negatives of early maturation in boys

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positive: more popular, better self-esteem, more likely to be leaders, more satisfied with body. negatives: more likely to get involved in anti social or deviant activities, truancy, minor delinquency, problems at school

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Positives and negatives of late maturation in boys

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negatives: more childish, less popular, and less likely to hold leadership positions. Positives: show more exploratory behavior, curiosity, social initiative

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Why is early maturation a disadvantage in girls?

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weight more and are shorter after puberty ends. may be less well-prepared for puberty. more likely to engage in deviant behavior, more likely to engage in earlier sexual intercourse and cohabitation

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Adolescent body image

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preoccupation is strong throughout adolescence. more dissatisfied with bodies during early adolescence. girls are more dissatisfied and have poorer body image.

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thickens and this improves ability to process information. connect brains two hemispheres

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corpus callosum

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doesnt finish maturing until 18-25 years of age or later

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prefrontal cortex

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the seat of emotions such as anger---matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex

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amygdala

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Sleep needs.

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Adolescents go to bed later and sleep in later. the average sleep declines to less than 8 hours at age 16

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self starvation. may cause irregularity or cessation of menstruation

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anorexia nervosa

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binging and undoing caloric intake on regular basis

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bulimia nervosa

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Treatment of anorexia and bulimia

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immediate goal is to get patient to ear and gain weight. patients may be hospitalized if severely malnourished. behavior therapy. cognitive therapy

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Adolescent use of time

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great deal of discretionary time. time with family members declines dramatically. more time is spent alone and with opposite sex. weekend partying is common for older teens. african-american teens spend more time with family than white teens

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harmful use of alcohol or other drugs

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substance abuse

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Dependence or Addiction

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can be psychological or physiological. especially dangerous for adolescents because of changing brain structures

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direct consequences of alcohol use

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5,000 deaths among youth under 21 per year. physical and sexual assaults; unwanted/unintended sexual activity. altered academic/vocational trajectories. possible adverse effects on developing brain

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Alcohol abuse in early adulthood

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11% of men. 3% of women are heavy drinkers. genetic, cultural factors. causes mental, physical problems. high social costs. treatment is difficult

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Sexual behavior

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average at first intercourse: females:17 years old and average for males is 16 years old. 90% of americans have sex by age 22. top reasons for not having sex: religion or morals, possibilities of unwanted pregnancy

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factors associated with early sex

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early puberty, poverty, poor school performance, risky behaviors such as drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems, history of sexual abuse, neglect, cultural or family patterns, low parental monitoring, perception of peer norms

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infections contracted primarily through sexual contact, including oral-genital and anal-genital contact.

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Sexually transmitted infectinos (STIs)

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STIs stats

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teens:

annually more than 3 million in american

about 1/4 of those who are sexually experienced

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Sex education, what works and what doesn't work

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what works: programs that encourage abstinence and discuss STD prevention and safe-sex practices. what does not work: abstinence only/virginity pledges do not delay initiation

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traits of teen mothers

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many are sexually inexperienced. many grew up without a father. likely as children to have been abused and/ or exposed to parental divorce. likely exposed to substance abuse. likely exposed to family member with mental illness or criminal background

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Teenage mothers run risk of:

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dropping out of school or being poorly educated, financial hardship, repeated early pregnancies

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Children of teenage mothers are at increased risk of

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prematurity and low birthweight, fetal, neonatal, or infant death, health and academic problems, abuse and neglect, developmental disabilities

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motor performance in adulthood

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athletic skills peak between 20-35. decline gradually until sixties or seventies, then declines faster. continued training slow loss. keep more vital capacity, muscle, response speed

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exercise

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only 1/3 get enough exercise. at least 20 minutes of moderate exercise five or more days a week, more often, more vigorous is better. about 40% of north americans are inactive, women and low SES

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leading cause of death in early adulthood

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unintentional injuries, cancer, cardiovascular disease

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Sexual activity in emerging adulthood

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emerging adulthood is a time when most individuals are both sexually active and unmarried. males have more casual sexual partners. casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood

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Heterosexual attitudes and behavior

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americans tend to fall into three categories: 1/3 have sex twice a week or more, 1/3 a few times a month, 1/3 a few times a year or not at all. married and cohabiting couples have sex more often. most americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts, adultery is the exception not the rule, men think about sex more than women do

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sources of sexual orientation

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an individuals sexual orientation: same-sex, heterosexual, or bisexual-is determined by a combination.....genetic, hormonal, cognitive, environmental factors

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attitudes and behavior of lesbians and gay males

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many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships. brown believes that lesbians and gay males: develop in bicultural identity to create new way of defining themselves, adapt best when they dont define themselves in polarities

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most prevalent STIs

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bacterial infections--gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia. viruses---genital herpes, genital warts, and HIV, which can lead to AIDs

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Reproductive capacity

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parenthood in twenties seen as ideal. trend toward delating childbirth, fertility problems increase with age, fertility drops sharply after age 44 for women, men show gradual decrease in fertility

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Infertility

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inability to conceive a baby after 12 months of trying. experienced by 7% of U.S couples. most common cause- low sperm count. in women, common causes include: failure to produce ova or abnormal ova, mucus in cervix, endometriosis

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Piagetian cognitive development: formal operations

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capacity for abstract thought, increased verbal problem-solving ability, increased tendency to think about thought itself (metacognition), thoughts of idealism and possibilities, also has emotional implications (i hate exploitation), more logical thought (hypothetical--deductive reasoning-creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications)

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Evaluating Piaget's Theory

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many late adolescents and adults (around 1/3) are incapable of abstract thought. fails to capture the role or context of the situation

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Changes in information processing: structural

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expansions of working memory allows adolescents to deal with complex problems, increased capacity in working memory and long term memory

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changes in information processing: functional

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increased ability to obtain, handle, and retain information. mathematical and scientific reasoning. improved proficiency in drawing conclusions

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Elkind: Immature thought

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idealism and criticalness. argumentativeness. indecisiveness. apparent hypocrisy. EGOCENTRISM RETURNS: self consciousness :imaginary audience, specialness and invulnerability: personal fable

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Adolescent cognitions

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information processing. executive functioning-involves higher-order cognitive activities such as---reasoning, making decisions, monitoring thinking critically, monitoring one's cognitive progress. decision making and critical thinking

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Schools

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the transition to middl or junior high school. drop in school satisfaction. top-dog phenomenon: move from the top position in elementary school to ---the lowest position in middle or junior high school

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Schools

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effective schools for young adolescents---develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of middle schools, lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1, involved parents and community leaders, integrate several disciplines in a flexible curriculum, boost students health and fitness with more programs, provide public health care

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Schools

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high school: graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and mathematical skills. high schools should discourage dropping out.

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form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community

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service learning

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Labouvie-vief's realistic belief :

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as young adults face the constraints of reality, which work promotes, their idealism decreases

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Pragmatic thinking: Schaie's belief

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early adult individuals switch from acquiring knowledge to applying knowledge as they pursue success in their work

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Reflective and relativistic

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Perry: the absolutist, dualistic thinking of adolescence gives way to the reflective, relativistic thinking of adulthood -----------others believe that reflective thinking is an important indicator of cognitive change in young adults

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ability to deal with: uncertainty and inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection and compromise. Draws on: intuition, emotion, and logic

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postformal thought

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Emotional Intelligence (EI)

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the ability to recognize and deal with ones own feelings and the feelings of others. self awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management

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The college transition

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U.S college enrollment at record high. 38% of all 18-24 years olds. mostly due to increasing number of females. 56% of undergraduates

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Cognitive growth in college

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thinking progresses from: rigidity >flexibility>freely chosen commitments. ultimately, commitment within relativism

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Combining work and school

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working part-time can help student organize their time and learn good work habits. however, more than 15-20 hours per week can have a negative impact

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Completing college

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only 1 out of 4 who start college have a degree within 5 years. completing college depends upon: motivation and aptitude, ability to work independently, social integration and support, fit between school and student

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the degree of thought and independent judgement required. a persons flexibility in coping with cognitive demands

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substantive complexity of work

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cognitive gains from work carry over to nonworking hours

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spillover hypothesis

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Careers

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only 20% of 12-22 year olds had a clear vision of where they want to go in life. students focus only on short term goals. dont explore the big, long-term picture of what they to do in life

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Work

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the impact of work: most spend 1/3 of their lives at work. important consideration is how stressful the work is. monitoring the occupational outlook: be knowledgeable about different fields and companies

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work

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unemployment: produces stress regardless of whether the job loss is temporary, cyclical, or permanent. factors affecting employment. Diversity in the workplace: women have increasingly entered the labor force. ethnic diversity also increasing in the workplace in almost every developed country.

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Erikson: Identity and Identity confusion

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Identity= a series of basic life commitments in a variety of spheres. time or experimentation with roles and personality. Psychosocial Moratorium: time between childhood security and adult autonomy

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time between childhood security and adult autonomy

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Psychosocial moratorium

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marcias four statuses of identity

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identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement.

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Identity

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developmental changes. key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence. identity does not remain stable throughout life. MAMA-repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement

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enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

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ethnic identity

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adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture

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bicultural identity

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ethnic identity in immigrant group

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first generation immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much. second generation immigrants are more likely to think of themselves as "american"

ethnic identity is likely to be linked to retention of their ethnic language of their language and social networks.

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Families

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everyday conflicts serve positive-developmental function.

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old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that:

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as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents

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new model emphasizes that:

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parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world

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autonomy and attachment

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adolescent's push for autonomy and responsibility can puzzle and anger many parents. as adolescent pushes for autonomy, the wise adult relinquishes control where the adolescent can make reasonable decisions, but continues to guide the adolescent. boys are given more independence than girls, culture moderates. secure attachment may be important in adolescents relationships with their parents

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Behavioral control

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parents' rules, regulation, restrictions, and awareness of teens' activities. facilitates development by providing necessary supervision and guidance. parental monitoring.

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parental knowledge

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methodologically, monitoring research has focused on what parents know about their teens activities. but there are a lot of different ways parents could get this knowledge: parental solicitation of information, surveillance and control, child disclosure

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Parental knowledge : Stattin and Kerr

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examined role of different forms of parental knowledge on juvenile delinquency. controlled for trust. child disclosure and not parental solicitation or behavioral control predicted lower levels of juvenile delinquency

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Adolescent information management and secrecy

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adolescents may be motivated to not disclose some information to parents, to avoid getting into trouble, because they view it as none of parents business. Research has focused on adolescent information management strategies: lying, avoidance, partial disclosure

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parent-adolescent conflict:

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frequency greatest in early adolescence, then declines. intensity increases from early to middle adolescence.mother-daughter dyads are the most conflictive dyad, followers by mother-son. mostly about everyday issues

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explanations for increased conflicts

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sociobiological explanations: results of biological changes. changes in expectancies: violations of what is expected behavior during times of rapid change. social-cognitive changes: differences in adolescents and parents interpretations of issues

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People reason about issues from different domains of knowledge

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social domain theory

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social domain theory

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Morality:harm and fairness. social conventions: uniformities to promote order. Personal jurisdiction: i can keep my room dirty if i want. Prudential (driving laws, curfews) ones own safety

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Parents reasoning (appeals to social conventions)

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socialize the adolescent into family, community, and cultural norms and expectations

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adolescents reasoning (appeals to personal jurisdiction)

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serve to individuate adolescents, increase personal agency, enlarge sphere of personal action

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Peers

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friendships: most teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that more intense and intimate. friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs

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friendships

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sullivan discussed the importance of adolescent friendships. shape the development of children and adolescents. help meet social needs. foreshadows the quality of romantic relationships in adulthood

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Cliques and Crowds

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adolescence marks the emergence of large collectives of peers.

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small group averaging 5 or 6 individuals that may from among adolescents. engage in similar activities

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cliques

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large, reputation-based collectives of similarly stereotyped individuals who may or may not spend a lot of time together

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crowds

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crowds

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based on reputation and stereotype, not interaction. crowds contribute to definition of norms and standards. crowds contribute to adolescents' sense of identity and self conceptions

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3 stages of romantic relationships

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entering into romantic attractions and affiliations at about age 11-13. exploring romantic relationships at approximately age 14 to 16. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17-19.

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dating in gay and lesbian youth

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many date other sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others

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sociocultural contexts and dating

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values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins.

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dating and adjustment

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linked with measures of how well-adjusted adolescents are

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dating and adjustment

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those who date are more likely to have higher levels of social acceptance, higher levels of friendship and romantic competence . early dating and going with someone is associated with adolescent pregnancy and problems at home and school

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The media

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there has been a dramatic increase in media multitasking. television viewing and video-game playing peak in early adolescence and then begin to decline. older adolescents spend more time listening to music and using the computer. increased internet use: cyberbullying, sex crimes

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adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal

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juvenile delinquent

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delinquency rates

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males more likely to engage in delinquency than females. delinquency rates among ethnic minority groups and lower socioeconomic status youth are especially high. these groups have less influence over the judicial decision making process and may be judged more delinquent.

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causes of delinquency

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family experiences. low parental monitoring, family discord, inconsistent discipline, influences

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factors of depression

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genes , family factors, poor peer relationship, problem in adolescent romantic relationship

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four problems that affect the most adolescents

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drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, school-related problems

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language of conversation; establishes connections and negotiates relationships

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rapport talk

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talk that is designed to give information; includes public speaking

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report talk

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