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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Action
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A Photoshop script that automates a single operation or a sequence of operations. Photoshop comes with default Actions, and you can create and save custom Actions to a file. When you need a particular Action or Action sequence, you can play it and apply its operations to any image by pressing a function key.
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Actions palette
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The Photoshop palette that contains controls for recording and playing back Actions.
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additive primary colors
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Red, green, and blue, which are used to create all other colors when direct, or transmitted, light is used (for example, on a computer monitor). When pure red, green, and blue are superimposed on one another, they create white.
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Adjustment layer
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In Photoshop, a separate layer containing the mathematical data for an adjustment operation applied to an image. You can reedit the Adjustment layer at any time during the imaging process.
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Adobe Gamma calibration package
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A package that includes Adobe Gamma software, the Gamma Wizard, and ICC (International Color Consortium) color profiles for some RGB devices. You can use the Gamma software to calibrate your monitor.
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alpha channel
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An 8-bit, grayscale representation of an image. Alpha channels are selections that have been stored for later use. The values of gray can represent tonality, color, opacity, or semitransparency. Image formats that support alpha channels include Photoshop (PSD), Photoshop 2.0, Photoshop PDF, PICT, PICT Resource, PIXAR, Raw, Targa, TIFF, and Photoshop.
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analog
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Signals made up of continuously varying wave forms.
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anti-alias
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A process that adds a 2- or 3-pixel border around an edge that blends into the adjacent color to create a small transition zone. Without the anti-alias, an image would look stair-stepped and not have smooth transitions between colors. The width of an anti-alias is determined by the resolution of the image; you have no control over its size.
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artifact
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An unintentional image element produced in error by an imaging device or inaccurate software. Dirty optics are one common reason for artifacts.
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aspect ratio
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The height-to-width ratio of a selection, an image, or—in the case of digital video—a frame.
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Background
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In Photoshop, the area behind layers. The contents of all layers float on top of the Background. Unlike a layer, the Background is opaque and cannot support transparency. If the document contains more than one layer, the Background is always at the bottom of the stack and cannot be moved or placed in a higher position. When new layers are added to the document, their content always appears in front of the Background.
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baseline
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An imaginary line on which the bottom of most textual characters are placed. Some characters, such as g and y, have descenders that extend below the baseline.
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baseline shift
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The movement of the baseline of a character horizontally or vertically from its default starting position. Unlike leading, which affects all of the characters in a paragraph, baseline shift affects individual characters.
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batch Action
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An Action that will be applied to all of the images in a folder automatically, also known as batch processing. You can batch-process a group of images within a folder or from a different source, such as a digital camera or scanner with a document feeder.
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Bezier curves
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Lines and shapes composed of mathematically defined points and segments. Bezier curves are used in vector graphics.
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bit depth
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Refers to the amount of information per color channel. Photoshop can read images with 16 bits of information per channel, such as a 48-bit RGB or a 64-bit CMYK color image. Even though images with higher bit depths contain more color information, they are displayed on the monitor at the bit-depth capability of the computer’s video card, which is 24 bits in most cases.
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Bitmap mode
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A Photoshop mode that displays and converts images that are composed of pixels, each containing 1 bit of information. The pixels are either black or white. Bitmap images are used to create line art and digital halftones. Bitmap image file sizes are smaller than grayscale images, which contain 8 bits per pixel, or color images, which contain 24 bits per pixel. Bitmapped images do not support layers, alpha channels, filters, or any operations involving color.
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black point
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The darkest pixel in the shadow areas of an image. In Photoshop, you can set this point in the Levels and Curves dialog boxes.
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blending mode
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A preprogrammed color formula that determines how the pixels in an image are affected by painting or image-editing and overlay operations. In Photoshop, the Mode menu on the Options bar offers a choice several blending modes.
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brightness
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The relative lightness or darkness of a color, measured from 0 to 100 percent. Brightness is also referred to as value. Colors with low brightness values are dark; colors with high brightness values are light.
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burn
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A technique used by photographers in the darkroom to underexpose or darken areas of an image. Photoshop’s Burn tool darkens by lowering the brightness values of pixels as you move the tool over the image.
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calibrated monitor
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The foundation from which all other color settings are determined. You can use a calibration device or the Adobe Gamma calibration package to calibrate your monitor.
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calibration bars
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The grayscale or color indicators that appear on printed output. When you print a CMYK color separation, the calibration bars appear only on the black plate. On a color image, the calibration bars are the color swatches printed at the sides of the image.
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canvas
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In Photoshop, the surface on which your image resides.
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capture
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Specific to digital video, the transferal of video information via Firewire to a computer environment for nonlinear editing.
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channel
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Analogous to a plate in the printing process, the foundation of an image. Some image types have only one channel, while other types have several channels. An image can have up to 24 channels. See also color channels.
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Channel Mixer
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A Photoshop feature that allows you to adjust the color information of each channel. You can establish color values on a specific channel as a mixture of any or all of the color channels’ brightness values.
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Channels palette
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The Photoshop palette that allows you to work with an image’s color information, or channels, and create alpha channels.
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Character palette
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The Photoshop palette that contains settings for type, such as size, tracking, kerning, and leading.
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chroma
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See saturation.
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CIE (Commission Internationale d’Eclairage)
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An international organization of scientists who work with matters relating to color and lighting. The organization is also called the International Commission on Illumination.
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clipping group
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Layers grouped together to create effects. In order to join two layers into a clipping group, the image on the bottom layer must be surrounded by transparency. When a layer is clipped, it fills the shape of the image on the layer below it so that it acts as a mask to clip the layer immediately above it.
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clipping path
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A path designed to be used as a mask in other applications. In Photoshop, the Clipping Paths option in the Paths Palette menu allows you to create a path that will knock out the area outside the path when it is opened in another program. The interior portion of the path will be displayed, and the area outside the path will be transparent.
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cloning
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In Photoshop and other image-editing programs, a feature that allows you to copy a part of an image and use that copy to replace another part of the image. Cloning is accomplished with the Clone Stamp and Pattern Stamp tools.
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CMYK
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The colors used in process printing. Each color plate contains tiny dots of cyan, magenta, yellow, or black (CMYK). The densities of the colored dots on each plate influence the surrounding colors when the eye mixes them together.
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CMYK color mode
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A color mode that produces a full range of color by printing tiny dots of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ink. Because the colored dots are so small, the eye mixes them together. The relative densities of groups of colored dots produce variations in color and tonality. CMYK is referred to as a subtractive color system.
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CMYK image
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A four-channel image containing a cyan, magenta, yellow, and black channel. A CMYK image is generally used to print color separations.
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CODEC
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An acronym for the compression/decompression process. Reducing storage requirements and the data rate required to retrieve video from a disk for decompression and playback.
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color channels
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Color information from an image. The number of color channels depends on the image’s color mode. For example, Photoshop configures the information for an RGB image into three color channels (for the red, green, and blue components) plus a composite RGB channel, which displays the entire image in full color. The computer processes the information in each channel as an independent grayscale image. Each pixel is assigned a specific numeric gray value, where black equals 0 and white equals 255. Each color channel is actually an 8-bit grayscale image that supports 256 shades of gray.
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color correction
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Changing the colors of pixels in an image—including adjusting brightness, contrast, midlevel grays, hue, and saturation—to achieve optimum printed results.
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color depth
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Refers to the number of shades that an imaging device can capture at once. The more bits there are per pixel, the more hues you can represent. The most common color depth, 8 bits per color, can produce 256 shades of each hue.
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Colorimeter
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A device used to calibrate a by measuring the temperature of its color characteristics.
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color management module (CMM)
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The color management engine used by software to convert colors. The Adobe engine is ACE (Adobe Color Engine). Others you might encounter include Agfa, Apple ColorSync, Apple, Heidelberg, Imation, Kodak, Microsoft, and X-Rite.
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color management policies
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Policies that determine how Photoshop deals with color profiles when opening RGB, CMYK, or Grayscale files.
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color mapping
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Operations that can radically alter existing colors in an image. Color mapping provides the means to alter the basic characteristics of color while maintaining the image’s detail.
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color mode or model
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A system of displaying or printing color. Photoshop supports the HSB color model and RGB, CMYK, Lab, Indexed, Duotone, Grayscale, Multichannel, and Bitmap color modes.
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color separation (process)
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An image that has been separated into the four process colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK). The image is then printed on four separate plates, one for each of the process colors.
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color working space
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The colors produced by a specific device, such as a printer or monitor. Photoshop 7 allows you to edit and store an image with a color space other than that of your monitor. The image is embedded with an ICC (International Color Consortium) profile that describes the working color space. The image can then move from one computer to another with its profile, and it can be displayed on two different monitors and appear the same.
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colorize
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To convert gray pixels to colored pixels. Before a black-and-white image can be colorized in Photoshop, you must change its mode from Grayscale to a mode that supports color (RGB, CMYK, or Lab). By colorizing, you apply color to the image without affecting the lightness relationships of the individual pixels, thereby maintaining the image’s detail.
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continuous-tone image
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An image containing gradient tones from black to white.
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contrast
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The tonal gradation between the highlights, midtones, and shadows in an image.
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crop
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To select part of an image and discard the unselected areas.
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crop marks
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The marks that are printed near the edges of an image to indicate where the image is to be trimmed.
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Curves
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A Photoshop color-adjustment tool that allows you to lighten, darken, add contrast, and solarize images.
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densitometer
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An instrument used by print shops and service bureaus to measure the tonal density of printed halftones.
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density
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The ability of an object to stop or absorb light. The less the light is reflected or transmitted by an object, the higher its density.
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density range
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The range from the smallest highlight dot that a press can print to the largest shadow dot it can print.
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digital video (DV)
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The configuration of video into a pixel-based media that can be interpreted and displayed on a computer monitor.
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digitize
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Converting analog image or video information to a digital format.
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digitizer board
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A special-purpose computer card that transforms video signals into image data. Image sources for this technology include television signals and the output from VCRs and traditional analog video cameras. Digitizer video boards are also called frame grabbers, because they receive the frames sent by the video image sources.
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distort
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To stretch a selection or layer contents along either of its axes. Unlike skewing, distortion is not restricted to a single border at a time.
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dither
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A method of distributing pixels to extend the visual range of color on-screen, such as producing the effect of shades of gray on a black-and-white display or more colors on an 8-bit color display. By making adjacent pixels different colors, dithering gives the illusion of a third color.
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dodge
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A technique used by photographers in the darkroom to overexpose or lighten specific areas of an image. In Photoshop, the Dodge tool performs a similar function by increasing the brightness values of pixels as you paint with it.
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dot gain
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A phenomenon in printing that causes dots to print larger due to the absorbency of the paper they are printed on. Dot gain creates darker tones or colors. Dot gain is reflected in an increase in the density of light reflected by an image.
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dots per inch (dpi)
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The measurement of the number of dots produced by a printer that defines the tonal elements of a halftone dot or stochastic screen. The dpi determines the resolution of printed output.
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Droplet
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A mini application that contains Actions. A Droplet can sit on the desktop or be saved to a disk file. You can apply an operation to a file or group of files by dragging the file or folder onto the Droplet’s icon.
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drum scanner
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A type of scanner that uses a spinning drum. The image is taped to a drum that spins very rapidly while the scanner’s sensors record its color and tonality information.
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Duotone
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An image that uses two inks. Duotone can add a wider tonal range in a grayscale image by using more than one shade of ink to fill in the gaps. Duotone curves let you control the density of each shade in the highlights, midtones, and shadows. Photoshop creates Duotones by applying the various curves that you’ve defined to a single image.
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Duotone mode
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A Photoshop mode that displays Duotones, which are images that have been separated into two spot colors. Duotone mode also supports Monotone (images with one color), Tritones (images with three colors), and Quadtones (images with four colors). The Duotone Mode color information is contained on one color channel. Photoshop displays a preview that is an RGB simulation of the ink combinations.
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DV
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The configuration of video into a pixel-based media that can be interpreted and displayed on a computer monitor.
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emulsion
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The photosensitive layer on a piece of film, paper, or plate.
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equalization
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A technique for distributing image data across a greater range of pixel values. Typical equalization techniques include gamma correction and adaptive histogram equalization.
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EQ (equalization)
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Specific to digital video, the altering of the frequency/amplitude response of a sound source or a sound system.
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fade-out rate
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The rate at which the Photoshop Paintbrush and Airbrush tools fade out as you paint with them to simulate an actual brush stroke.
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feather
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A process that creates a gradual transition between the inside and the outside of image borders. When you apply an effect to a feathered selection, it diminishes and becomes more transparent, producing a softening or blurring effect. Feathering gradually blends colored pixels into each other and eliminates hard edges. Feathering differs from anti-aliasing in that you can determine the size of the soft edge in pixels.
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feather edge
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The area along the border of a selection that is partially affected by changes you make to the selection.
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fill
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To paint a selected area with a gray shade, a color, or a pattern.
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Fill layer
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A Photoshop method for filling an area. Fill layers combine the action of the Fill command with the flexibility of layers. You can create Fill layers with colors, gradients, or patterns.
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filter
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A software method for applying effects to images. With filters, you can adjust focus, eliminate unwanted artifacts, alter or create complex selection masks, and apply a wide range of artistic effects.
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Firewire
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A cable that allows the capture of DV (digital video) images and audio via an IEEE 1394 port.
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flatbed scanner
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A type of scanner that reads a line of an image at a time, recording it as a series of samples, or pixels, by bouncing light off the area it needs to digitize. The scanner directs the bounced light to a series of detectors that convert color and intensity into digital levels.
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floating selection
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In Photoshop, a selection that has been moved or pasted on an image or converted to a floating selection using the Float command in the Select menu. The selection floats above the pixels in the underlying image until it is deselected, and it can be moved without affecting the underlying image.
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font
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The style or appearance of a complete set of characters. The four main categories of fonts are serif, sans serif, cursive, and display or decorative.
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font obliqueness
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Refers to whether the characters in a font lean, as does italic style type.
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font weight
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Refers to the thickness or heaviness of the characters in a font.
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frame grabber
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(digitizer board - A special-purpose computer card that transforms video signals into image data. Image sources for this technology include television signals and the output from VCRs and traditional analog video cameras. Digitizer video boards are also called frame grabbers, because they receive the frames sent by the video image sources.
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full-color image
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An image that uses 24-bit color. A full-color image uses three 8-bit primary color channels—for red, green, and blue—each containing 256 colors. These three channels produce a potential of 16.7 million colors (2563 = 16,777,216). Photo-realistic images that consist of smooth gradations and subtle tonal variations require full color to be properly displayed.
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gamma
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A measurement of midtone brightness for a monitor. The gamma value defines the slope of that curve halfway between black and white. Gamma values range from 1.0 to about 2.5. The Macintosh has traditionally used a gamma of 1.8, which is relatively flat compared to television. Windows
PCs use a 2.2 gamma value, which has more contrast and is more saturated. |
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gamut
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The range of viewable and printable colors for a particular color model, such as RGB (used for monitors) or CMYK (used for printing). When a color cannot be displayed or printed, Photoshop can warn you that the color is “out of gamut.” In terms of color working spaces, the gamut of a monitor is a triangular space with its corners in the red, green, and blue areas of an industry-standard color gamut chart. The gamut chart plots the device’s available colors compared to the gamut of colors that humans can see.
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GIF87a and GIF89a
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The Graphics Interchange Formats (GIFs), used for Web applications and for saving animations produced in ImageReady. GIF is a lossless-compression format that compresses the image through reduction of the available colors. GIF87a does not support transparency. GIF89a is used to omit the visibility of selected colors on a Web browser.
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gradient
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Variations of color that subtly blend into one another. Photoshop gradients blend multiple colors into each other or into transparency over a specified distance.
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gradient fill
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A fill that displays a gradual transition from the foreground color to the background color. In Photoshop, gradient fills are added with the Gradient tool or a Gradient Fill layer.
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gray-component replacement (GCR)
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An operation that removes a mixture of cyan, magenta, and yellow, and replaces them with black. GCR is generally more extreme and uses more black than undercolor removal (UCR).
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grayscale image
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An image that use an 8-bit system, in which any pixel can be one of 256 shades of gray. Each pixel contains 8 bits of information. Each bit can either be on (black) or off (white), which produces 256 possible combinations.
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Grayscale mode
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A Photoshop color mode that displays black-and-white images. A grayscale image is composed of one channel consisting of up to 256 levels of gray, with 8 bits of color information per pixel. Each pixel has a brightness value between 0 (black) to 255 (white). Grayscale pixels may also be measured in percentages of black ink, from 0 percent (white) to 100 percent (black). When color images are converted to Grayscale mode, their hue and saturation information is discarded and their brightness (or luminosity) values remain.
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grid
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In Photoshop, a series of equally spaced horizontal and vertical lines that create a visual matrix. A grid helps you see the global relations between aligned elements on a page. Grids do not print.
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GUI (graphical user interface)
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A software program’s way of interacting with users. The GUI (pronounced “gooey”) of Photoshop lets you perform virtual operations that mimic real-world tasks like painting, compositing, or filtering.
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guide
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In Photoshop, a horizontal or vertical line that can be positioned anywhere on the image’s surface. Guides do not print.
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halftone
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The reproduction of a continuous-tone image, which is made by using a screen that breaks the image into various-sized dots. The resolution, or number of lines per inch (lpi), of a halftone depends on the printer’s capabilities. The tonal densities of an image are determined by the size of the dots. The larger the dot, the more ink deposited, and the darker the area appears. When you send an image to a printer, Photoshop, in tandem with the printer driver software, automatically converts the tonal information contained in pixels into dot-density information that the printer uses to construct the image.
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halftone screen
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Refers to the dot density of a printed image, measured in lines per inch (lpi). A halftone screen, also called screen frequency, is a grid of dots.
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highlight
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The lightest part of an image, represented on a digital image by pixels with high numeric values or on a halftone by the smallest dots or the absence of dots.
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histogram
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A graph of the brightness values of an image. The more lines the histogram has, the more tonal values are present in the image. The length of a line represents the relative quantity of pixels of a particular brightness. The taller the line, the more pixels of a particular tonal range the image will contain. Histograms are displayed in Photoshop’s Levels and Threshold dialog boxes.
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History palette
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The Photoshop palette that records all of the changes that you make to an image during a session, as a series of individual states. You can use the History palette to revert to former versions of an image and to create special effects. The History palette also works in conjunction with the History Brush and Art History Brush tools.
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hotspot
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In an image map, an area that links to another Web page or URL.
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HSB color model
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A color model that uses hue, saturation, and brightness characteristics to define each color.
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HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
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The programming language used to create Web pages.
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hue
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The color of light that is reflected from an opaque object or transmitted through a transparent one. Hue in Photoshop is measured by its position on a color wheel, from 0 to 360 degrees.
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ICC
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International Color Consortium.
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image caching
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A mechanism that accelerates screen redrawing during the editing process.
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image link
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A link on a Web page activated by clicking an image.
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image map
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An image on a Web page that has multiple links to another Web page or URL. Each link is called a hotspot. Image maps let you define circular, polygonal, or rectangular areas as links.
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image size
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The physical size and resolution of an image. The size of an image specifies the exact number of pixels that compose a picture.
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ImageReady
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A companion program to Photoshop, used to create dynamic Web graphics.
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Indexed color image
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A single-channel image, with 8 bits of color information per pixel. The index is a color lookup table containing up to 256 colors.
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Indexed color mode
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A color mode that uses a maximum of 256 colors to display full-color images. When you convert an image color to Indexed mode, Photoshop stores the color information as a color lookup table. You can then use a specific palette to display the image to match the colors as closely as possible to the original. Because it contains fewer colors, Indexed color mode creates smaller file sizes than the other color modes produce.
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Info palette
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The Photoshop palette that shows information about the current image. By default, the Info palette displays Actual Color and CMYK fields, the x and y coordinates of the position of the cursor, and the height and width of the selection. This palette can display values in many different modes, including Web, HSB, Lab, Total Ink, and Opacity.
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interlacing
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A technique used to display a GIF image progressively on a Web page.
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International Color Consortium (ICC)
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An organization that sets standards for color management systems and components.
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interpolation
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In Photoshop, the setting for how the program resamples, or sizes, images.
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inverse
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In Photoshop, to reverse the selection; that is, to change the selected area to the portion that you did not select with a selection tool.
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invert
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To remap the brightness values of a channel to its opposite value. When you invert a channel, the white pixels with a value of 255 become black with a value of 0. Dark gray pixels in the channel with a value of 20, for example, will be remapped to a value of 235.
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JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
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A lossy-compression file format that supports 24-bit color and is used to preserve the tonal variations in photographs. JPEG compresses file size by selectively discarding data. JPEG compression can degrade sharp detail in images and is not recommended for images with type or solid areas of color. JPEG does not support transparency. When you save an image as a JPEG, transparency is replaced by the matte color. (See also matting.)
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kerning
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The space between two individual characters in text.
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knockout
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An area that prevents ink from printing on part of an image, so that the spot color can print directly on the paper. Knockouts keep a spot color from overprinting another spot color or a portion of the underlying image.
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Lab color mode
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A color mode that is device-independent. Lab color consists of three channels: a luminance or lightness channel (L), a green–red component (a), and a blue–yellow component (b). Lab can be used to adjust an image’s luminance and color independently of each other.
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labels
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A Photoshop printing option that prints the document and channel name on the image.
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layer
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A software feature that allows you to isolate image elements so that you can work on each one individually. You can also rearrange the positions of layers, allowing parts of an image to appear in front of other parts. Earlier versions of Photoshop supported 99 layers; Photoshop supports an unlimited number.
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layer mask
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A mask that conceals an area from view. When you apply a layer mask to an image, you control the transparency of a particular part of the layer.
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Layers palette
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The Photoshop palette that contains controls for working with layers, including creating and deleting layers, reordering layers, merging layers, and many other layer-related functions.
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layer set
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A Photoshoplayer-management tool. Layer sets let you consolidate contiguous layers into a folder on the Layers palette. By highlighting the folder, you can apply certain operations to the layers as a group. For example, the layers in a layer set can be can simultaneously hidden, displayed, moved, or repositioned.
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layer styles
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Predefined Photoshop CS effects, such as drop shadows, neon glowing edges, and deep embossing. Layer styles apply their effects to the edges of the layer. Because they may be translucent or soft-edged, the colors of the underlying layer can be seen through the effects.
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Layer Comp
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A specific saved state of the layers palette a state of the layers palette.
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leading
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The typographic term to describe vertical spacing between lines, measured from baseline to baseline.
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Levels
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A Photoshop tool that allows you to adjust an image’s tonal range. When you perform a Levels adjustment, you are actually reassigning pixel values.
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ligature
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A set of two characters that is designed to replace certain character combinations, such as fl and fi, to avoid spacing conflicts.
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linear gradient
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A gradient that is projected from one point to another in a straight line.
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lines per inch (lpi)
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A measurement of the resolution of a halftone screen.
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Liquify
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A Photoshop feature that allows you to distort pixels and transform areas of an image using a special set of distortion and transformation tools.
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lossless compression
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An image-compression scheme that preserves image detail. When the image is decompressed, it is identical to the original version.
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lossy compression
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An image-compression scheme that creates smaller files but can affect image quality. When decompressed, the image produced is not identical to the original. Usually, colors have been blended, averaged, or estimated in the decompressed version.
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lpi
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lines per inch. A measurement of the resolution of a halftone screen.
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margin-style background
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A background that is configured so that the image repeats vertically but not horizontally. This type of background appears as a continuous design down the depth of the page. It is a common visual element that helps unify the design of a Web page.
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mask
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An element that isolates and protects portions of an image. A masked area is not affected by image editing such as color changes or applied filters. Masks are stored as 8-bit grayscale channels and can be edited with Photoshop tools.
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matting
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Filling or blending transparent pixels with a matte color. Matting can be used with GIF, PNG, and JPEG files. It is typically used to set transparent image areas to the background color of a Web page.
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metadata
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Information about the file that is embedded in the document.
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midtone
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A tonal range of brightness values located approximately halfway between white and black.
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moiré pattern
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An undesirable pattern in color printing, resulting from incorrect screen angles of overprinting halftones. Moiré patterns can be minimized with the use of proper screen angles.
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monitor profile
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A description of a monitor’s characteristics used by Photoshop to display images correctly on that monitor. One way to create a monitor profile is to make a visual calibration of your monitor using Adobe Gamma and then save the resulting information as a color profile.
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monitor resolution
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The number of pixels that occupy a linear inch of your monitor screen. The resolution for most Macintosh RGB monitors is 72 ppi. Most Windows VGA monitors have a resolution of 96 ppi.
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monospaced type
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Type in which all of the characters are the same horizontal width.
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Multichannel mode
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A Photoshop mode that allows you to view the spot-color channels in color separations. The number of channels in a Multichannel document depends on the number of channels in the source image before it was converted. Each channel in a Multichannel document contains 256 levels of gray. Multichannel mode will convert RGB to cyan, magenta, and yellow spot color channels, and CMYK into CMYK spot color channels.
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Navigator palette
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The Photoshop palette that shows a map of the current image displayed as a thumbnail. It indicates the exact location of what appears in the image window relative to the entire image and provides features for scrolling and zooming.
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noise
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In an image, pixels with randomly distributed color values. Noise is primarily a result of digitizing technology. Noise in digital photographs tends to be the product of low-light conditions.
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nonlinear editing (NLE)
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The random access of video storage.
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NTSC (North American Television Standards Committee) system
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The video standard for television used in North and South America and many Asian countries.
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object-oriented software
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Vector-based illustration applications (such as Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia FreeHand, and CorelDRAW) and page-layout programs (such as QuarkXPress, Adobe PageMaker, and Adobe InDesign). Vector-based illustration software is appropriate for creating graphics such as charts, graphs, maps, cartoons, architectural plans, and other images that require hard edges and smooth blends. Vector-based page-layout software is suitable for creating books, pamphlets, brochures, flyers, and other documents that combine images and text. Photoshop is raster-based software, rather than vector-based illustration software; it does not print object-oriented graphics as vectors.
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one-quarter tone
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A tonal value located approximately halfway between the highlight and midtone.
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optimization
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In Photoshop and ImageReady, features that put images in the best possible form for Web applications, such as the file format, color-reduction method, and matting settings. In Photoshop, optimization settings are available in the Save For Web dialog box. In ImageReady, these settings are on the Optimize palette.
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Optimize palette
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The ImageReady palette that contains controls for optimizing images for Web applications.
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Options bar
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In Photoshop, the area that contains settings for tools. When you select a tool in the Tool palette, the Options bar changes to reflect the options available for the selected tool.
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overprint colors
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Two or more inks that are printed one on top of the other.
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PAL (Phase Alternation Line) system
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The video standard for television used in Western Europe, Australia, Japan, and other countries.
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PANTONE
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A brand name of spot color inks. The PANTONE Matching System is a group of inks used to print spot colors. PANTONE inks are solid colors used to print solid or tinted areas. The PANTONE system is recognized all over the world.
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Paragraph palette
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The Photoshop palette that contains settings that apply to entire text paragraphs, such as alignment and hyphenation.
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path
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A vector object that mathematically defines a specific area on an image. Vector objects are composed of anchor points and line segments known as Bezier curves. Paths enable you to create straight lines and curves with precision. If a path’s two endpoints are joined, it encloses a shape. A path can be filled with color, stroked with an outline, or stored in the Paths palette or the Shape library for later use. A path also can be converted into a selection.
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Paths palette
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The Photoshop palette that contains controls for working paths, including creating deleting paths, filling paths, stroking paths, and saving work paths.
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perspective
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In Photoshop, a transformation that squeezes or stretches one edge of a selection, slanting the two adjacent sides either in or out. This produces an image that mimics the way you perceive a picture slanted at a distance.
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pixel
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An individual square of colored light, which is the smallest editable unit in a digital image. The pixels (short for picture elements) in a digital image are usually so small that, when seen, the colors blend into what appears to be a continuous-tone image.
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pixels per inch (ppi)
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The number of pixels that can be displayed per inch, usually used to refer to pixel resolution from a scanned image or on a monitor.
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plug-in
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A modular mini program or filter, usually developed by a third-party vendor, that adds functions to Photoshop.
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PNG-8
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A lossless-compression file format that supports 256 colors and transparency. PNG-8 is not supported by older Web browsers.
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PNG-24
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A lossless file format that supports 24-bit color, transparency, and matting. PNG-24 combines the attributes of JPEG and GIF. PNG-24 is not supported by older Web browsers.
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point
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A measurement system for type. There are traditionally about 72 points in 1 inch.
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ppi
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See pixels per inch.
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preferences
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In Photoshop, settings that affect the appearance and behavior of the program, which are stored in the preferences file.
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Preset Manager
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A library of palettes that can be used by Photoshop. As you add or delete items from the palettes, the currently loaded palette in the Preset Manager displays the changes. You can save the new palette and load any of the palettes on the system.
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printer resolution
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The number of dots that can be printed per linear inch, measured in dots per inch (dpi). These dots compose larger halftone dots on a halftone screen or stochastic (random pattern) dots on an ink-jet printer.
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process color
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The four color pigments used in color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK).
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progressive JPEG file
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A file that displays a low-resolution version of the image while the full image is downloading.
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Proof Colors
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A Photoshop control that allows the on-screen preview to simulate a variety of reproduction processes without converting the file to the final color space. This feature takes the place of the Preview In CMYK feature in earlier Photoshop versions.
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Quadtone
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An image that has been separated into four spot colors.
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Quick Mask mode
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A Photoshop mode that allows you to edit a selection as a mask. This mode provides an efficient method of making a temporary mask using the paint tools. Quick Masks can be converted into selections or stored as alpha channels in the Channels palette for later use.
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radial gradient
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A gradient that is projected from a center point outward in all directions.
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random access memory (RAM)
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The part of the computer’s memory that stores information temporarily while the computer is on.
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raster image
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An image that consists of a grid of pixels. Raster images are also called bitmaps. The file sizes of raster images are usually quite large compared to other types of computer-generated documents, because information needs to be stored for every pixel in the entire document. See also raster-based software.
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raster image processor (RIP)
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Software on a computer or a device inside an imagesetter or PostScript printer that interprets a vector curve by connecting a series of straight-line segments.
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raster image processor (RIP)
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Software on a computer or a device inside an imagesetter or PostScript printer that interprets a vector curve by connecting a series of straight-line segments.
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raster-based software
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Photoshop and other programs that create raster images. Raster-based software is best suited for editing, manipulating, and compositing scanned images, images from digital cameras and Photo CDs, continuous-tone photographs, realistic illustrations, and other graphics that require subtle blends, soft edges, shadow effects, and artistic filter effects like Impressionist or watercolor.
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rasterize
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Converting vector information into pixel-based information. For example, you can rasterize type so that you can apply filters and other effects that do not work on vector-based type. Rasterized type cannot be edited as individual characters and appears at the same resolution as the document.
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red eye
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An effect from flash photography that appears to make a person’s eyes glow red.
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registration mark
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A mark that appears on a printed image, generally for color separations, to help in aligning the printing plates.
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rendering intents
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Settings established by the International Color Consortium (ICC) under which color conversions can be made. Rendering intents cause the color of an image to be modified while it is being moved into a new color space. The four rendering intents are Perceptual, Saturation, Relative Colorimetric, and Absolute Colorimetric.
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resample
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To change the size or resolution of an image. Resampling down discards pixel information in an image; resampling up adds pixel information through interpolation.
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resolution
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The number of units that occupy a linear inch of an image, measured in pixels per inch (ppi) on an image or monitor or dots per inch (dpi) on a printer. The resolution of an image determines how large it will appear and how the pixels are distributed over its length and width. Resolution also determines the amount of detail that an image contains. High resolutions produce better quality but larger image file sizes. Resolution can also refer to the number of bits per pixel.
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resolution-independent image
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An image that automatically conforms to the highest resolution of the output device on which it is printed.
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RGB color mode
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A color mode that represents the three colors—red, green, and blue—used by devices such as scanners or monitors to display color. Each range of color is separated into three separate entities called color channels. Each color channel can produce 256 different values, for a total of 16,777,216 possible colors in the entire RGB gamut. RGB is referred to as an additive color model. Each pixel contains three brightness values for red, green, and blue that range from 0 (black) to 255 (white). When all three values are at the maximum, the effect is complete white.
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RGB image
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A three-channel image that contains a red, a green, and a blue channel.
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rollover
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A mini animation that is activated by mouse behavior. Rollovers add interactivity to a Web page. Rollovers depend on layers for their behavior. You designate a rollover on an image by changing the visibility of a layer’s content.
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safe action
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A defined area for video display that indicates the space where the video action will be displayed on standard television screens.
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safe title
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A defined area for video display that indicates the space where the image is not distorted or cropped by the curve of standard television screens.
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saturation
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The intensity of a color. Saturation, or chroma, is determined by the percentage of the hue in proportion to gray, from 0 to 100 percent. Zero-percent saturation means that the color is entirely gray.
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scanner
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An electronic device that digitizes and converts photographs, slides, paper images, or other two-dimensional images into pixels.
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scratch disk
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An area of memory that Photoshop uses as a source of virtual memory to process images when the program requires more memory than the allocated amount.
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screen angles
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The angles at which the halftone screens are placed in relation to one another.
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screen frequency
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The density of dots on the halftone screen, commonly measured in lines per inch (lpi). Also known as screen ruling.
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SECAM (Sequential Color and Memory) system
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A video standard for television used in some European and Asian countries.
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shadow
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The darkest part of an image, represented on a digital image by pixels with low numeric values or on a halftone by the smallest or absence of dots.
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skew
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To slant a selection along one axis, either vertical or horizontal. The degree of slant affects how pitched the final image appears.
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slice
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To cut an image into pieces, saving the individual parts as image files and writing an HTML document that reassembles the slices on the screen. Slicing increases the efficiency of displaying images with a Web browser by decreasing the download time. Slices also allow you to define rectangular areas as links to other Web pages or URLs.
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SMPTE-C
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A movie industry standard, compliant with the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers standards for motion picture illuminants.
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snapshot
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In Photoshop, a saved image’s state. By default, when the image is opened, the History palette displays a snapshot of the image as it appeared when it was last saved. You can save the current image to a snapshot to preserve that state.
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soft proof
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An on-screen document that appears as close as possible to what the image will look like if printed to a specific device. Image formats that allow you to embed a soft proof profile in the saved document are Photoshop EPS, Photoshop PDF, and Photoshop DCS 1.0 and 2.0.
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Spectrophotometer
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A device used to measure the color gamut of a printed page. From the data that the spectrophotometer collects, a profile can be written that can be used as a color working space.
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splash screen
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A screen that appears when you first load a program. For example, the default Photoshop splash screen indicates the components that are loading and program-specific data, such as the registered owner’s name and the program’s serial number.
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spot color
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Ink used in a print job in addition to black or process colors. Each spot color requires a plate of its own. Spot colors are printed in the order in which they appear in the Channels palette. Spot color channels are independent of the color mode of the image, which means that they are not blended with the other channels in a Grayscale, RGB, or CMYK image. Spot color channels are also independent of layers, which means that you cannot apply spot colors to individual layers. Image formats that support spot color are Photoshop (PSD), Photoshop PDF, TIFF, and Photoshop DCS 2.0.
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sRGB color space
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A color space designed for corporate computer monitors and images intended for Web applications. sRGB is the default color working space in Photoshop but other color spaces are available.
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state
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In Photoshop’s History palette, a stored version of an image. Each time you perform an operation, the History palette produces a state with the name of the operation or tool that was used. The higher the state appears in the stack, the earlier in the process the state was made.
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stroking
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Outlining a selection border with a color. In Photoshop, strokes can vary in width and relative position on the selection border.
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subtractive primary colors
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Cyan, magenta, and yellow, which are the printing inks that theoretically absorb all color and produce black. Because pigments subtract light components from the white light in the environment, they reduce its intensity, making it less bright than unfiltered light. Subtractive colorants reduce the amount of light reflected back at the viewer.
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timeline
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The window that provides a schematic view of your program including all video, audio, and superimposed video tracks in nonlinear editing programs like Adobe Premier.
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tolerance
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A parameter of the Magic Wand and Paint Bucket tools that specifies the color range of the pixels to be selected.
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Tool palette
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In Photoshop, the area that contains icons for tools, also called the Toolbox. Some of the tool icons expand to provide access to tools that are not visible, bringing the entire number of tools to 50, plus paint swatches, Quick Mask icons, view modes, and the Jump To command. The Tool palette is a floating palette that you can move or hide.
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tool tip
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A GUI identifier that appears when you hover your cursor over a screen element and wait a few seconds. Photoshop includes tool tips for the tools on the Tool palette, as well as for many of its operations accessible from other palettes, the Options bar, dialog boxes, and windows.
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tracking
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The global space between selected groups of characters in text.
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transparency scanner
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A type of scanner that passes light through the emulsions on a piece of negative film or a color slide. A transparency scanner’s dynamic range determines its ability to distinguish color variations.
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trap
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A technique used in preparing images for printing color separations. Misalignments or shifting during printing can result in gaps in images. A trap is an overlap that prevents such gaps from appearing along the edges of objects in an image.
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Tritone
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An image that has been separated into three spot colors.
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tweening
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From “in betweening,” a method for adding transitions between frames in animations.
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undercolor removal (UCR)
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The process of reducing the cyan, magenta, and yellow inks from the darkest neutral shadow areas in an image, and replacing them with black.
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Unsharp Mask (USM)
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A mask that exaggerates the transition between areas of most contrast, while leaving areas of minimum contrast unaffected. It can help increase the contrast of an image and fool the eye into thinking fuzzy areas of the image are in focus.
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value
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See brightness. The relative lightness or darkness of a color, measured from 0 to 100 percent. Brightness is also referred to as value. Colors with low brightness values are dark; colors with high brightness values are light.
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vector graphics
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An area that is defined by a path and hidden from view.
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virtual memory
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The memory space that is separate from the main memory (physical random access memory, or RAM) in a computer, such as hard-disk space. Virtual memory helps to increase the amount of memory available to work on large documents.
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wallpaper tiles
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A background that is configured so that the image is displayed as repeating tiles.
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Web colors
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Colors that are browser-safe, meaning that all Web browsers can display them uniformly. Photoshop’s Web-Safe Colors feature lets you choose colors that will not radically change when viewed on other monitors of the same quality and calibration as the one on which you are working.
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white point
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The lightest pixel in the highlight area of an image. In Photoshop, you can set this point in the Levels and Curves dialog boxes.
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work path
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In Photoshop, a temporary element that records changes as you draw new sections of a path.
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