Additional Histo Part 2

Front 1

Extracellular matrix

Back 1

Ground substance + fibers

Front 2

Fixed cells

Back 2

- Fibroblasts
- Adipose cells
- Pericytes
- Mast cells
- Macrophages

Front 3

Transient cells

Back 3

- Plasma cells
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Macrophages

Front 4

Fibroblasts

Back 4

Most abundant cell in the connective tissue, are responsible for the synthesis of almost all of the extracellular matrix

Front 5

Myofibroblasts

Back 5

Modified fibroblasts that demonstrate characteristics similar to those of both fibroblasts and the smooth muscle cells

Front 6

Pericytes

Back 6

Surround endothelial cells of capillaries and small venules

Front 7

Adipose cells

Back 7

Fully differentiated cells that function in the synthesis, storage and release of fat

Front 8

Mast cells

Back 8

Arise from bone marrow and involved in inflammatory process

Front 9

Macrophages

Back 9

Belong to the mononuclear phagocytic system and subdivided into two groups of cells, phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Front 10

Plasma cells

Back 10

Derived from B lymphocytes and manufacture antibodies

Front 11

Leukocytes

Back 11

Exit bloodstream during inflammation, invasion by foreign elements, and immune responses in order to perform various functions

Front 12

Connective tissue proper

Back 12

Contains of loose, densea and reticular connective tissue and adipose tissue

Front 13

Cartilage

Back 13

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Front 14

Hyaline cartilage

Back 14

Most abundant cartilage in the body, forms the template for the endochondral bone formation

Front 15

Elastic cartilage

Back 15

Resembles hyaline cartilage, except that its matrix and perichondrium posses elastic fibers

Front 16

Fibrocartilage

Back 16

Does not posses perichondrium and its matrix includes typ I collagen

Front 17

Bone

Back 17

Is a specialized connective tissue whose extracellular matrix is calcified, incarcerating the cells that secreted it

Front 18

Bone matrix

Back 18

1. Inorganic component: Constitutes calcium hydroxyapatitr, composed mainly of calcium and phosphorus
2. Organic component: Predominant component is type I collagen

Front 19

Osteoblast

Back 19

Synthesizw matrix of bone but also posses receptors for parathyroid hormone

Front 20

Osteocytes

Back 20

Mature bone cells derived from osteblasts that became trapped in the lacunae

Front 21

Osteoclasts

Back 21

Multinucleated cells orginating from granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Play role in bone resorption

Front 22

Skeletal muscle

Back 22

Composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells that undergo voluntary contarction to facilitate movement of the body or its parts

Front 23

Investments

Back 23

Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium

Front 24

Fine structure of skeletal muscle fibers

Back 24

T tubules and sacrplasmic reticulum are essential components involved in skeletal muscle contarction

Front 25

Structural organization of myofibrils

Back 25

Composed of interdigitating thick and thin myofilaments

Front 26

Thick filamaments

Back 26

Composed of myosin II molecules aligned end to end

Front 27

Thin filaments

Back 27

Composed of two chains of F-actin filaments wrapped around each other in association with tropomyosin and troponin

Front 28

Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Back 28

Sensory receptors that monitor muscle contraction

- Muscle spindles = Monitor length of
- Glogi tendon organs = Intensity of muscle

Front 29

Cardiac muscle

Back 29

Nonvoluntary striated muscle limited to the heart and the proximal portions of the pulmonary veins

Front 30

Smooth muscles

Back 30

Involuntary muscle

Front 31

Development of nervous tissue

Back 31

From ectoderm in response to signaling molecules from the notochord

Front 32

Structure of neuron

Back 32

Cell body, dendrites and axon

Front 33

Cellbody of neuron

Back 33

Containg the nucleus and perinuclear cytoplasm

Front 34

Dendrites

Back 34

Receive stimuli from other nerve cells

Front 35

Axons

Back 35

Transmit impulses to other neurons or effector cells, namely cells of muscle and glands

Front 36

Neuroglial cells

Back 36

Function in the physical and metabolic support of the neuron

Front 37

Astrocytes

Back 37

-Provide structural and metabolic support

Front 38

Oligodendrocytes

Back 38

Function in electrical insulation and in myelin production in the CNS

Front 39

Microglial cells

Back 39

Members of the mononuclear phagocyte system

Front 40

Ependymal cells

Back 40

Form limiting membranes and also may function in the transportation of the cerebrospinal fluid

Front 41

Schwann cells

Back 41

Form both myelinated and unmyelinated coverings over the axons of the PNS

Front 42

Neurotransmitters

Back 42

Signaling molecules

Front 43

Ganglia

Back 43

Sensory and autonomic

Front 44

Cerebral cortex

Back 44

1. Molecular layer
2. External granular layer
3. External pyramidal layer
4. Internal granular layer
5. Internal pyramidal layer "Cells of Bets"
6. Multiform layer

Front 45

Cerebellar cortex

Back 45

1. Molecular layer
2. The Purkinje cell layer
3. Granular layer

Front 46

Blood

Back 46

Composed of fluid component (plasma) and formed elements consisting of the variuous types of blood cells as cell as platelets

Front 47

Plasma

Back 47

Yellowish fluid in which cells, platelets, organic compounds, and electrolytes are suspended and/or dissolved

Front 48

Erythrocytes

Back 48

(AKA red blood cells) Have no nuclei and responsible for transportation of oxygen and carbondioxide

Front 49

Hemoglobin

Back 49

Large protein composed of four polypeptide chains

Front 50

Leukocytes

Back 50

(AKA white blood cells) categorized into two major compartments:
1. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)
2. Agranulocytes (Lymphocytes and monocytes)

Front 51

Neutrophils

Back 51

Compose most of the white blood cell population:
- Avid phagocytes, destroying bacteria that invade connective tissue spaces

Front 52

Eosinophils

Back 52

Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes and kill parasitic invaders

Front 53

Basophils

Back 53

Similar to mast cells (inflammatory response) but they have different orgins

Front 54

Monocytes

Back 54

Largest of the circulating blood cells, enter the connective spaces, where they are known as macrophages

Front 55

Lymphocytes

Back 55

Form second largest population of white blood cells:
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes

Front 56

Platelets

Back 56

Small, disk-shaped, non-nucleated cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

Front 57

Bone marrow

Back 57

A gelatinous, vascular connective tissue located in the marrow cavity, is richly endowed with cells that are responsible for hemopoiesis

Front 58

Cardiovascular system

Back 58

Composed of two circuits:
- Pulmonary circuit (to the lungs)
- Systemic circuit (to the tissues of the body)

Front 59

Walls of blood vessels

Back 59

- Tunic intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica adventitia

Front 60

Classification of arteries

Back 60

- Elastic arteries
- Muscular arteries
- Arterioles

Front 61

Carotid sinus

Back 61

Baroreceptor located in the region of the internal carotid artery just distal to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Front 62

Carotid body

Back 62

Chemoreceptor, monitoring changes in oxygen ans carbon dioxide levels as well as hydrogen ion concentration

Front 63

Aortic body

Back 63

Located on the arch of aorta between the right suclavian artery and the right common carotid artery
--> similar function to the carotid bodies

Front 64

Capillaries

Back 64

Composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, are the smallest blood vessels

Front 65

Classification of capillaries

Back 65

- Continuous: No pores or fenestrae
- Fenestrated: Posses pores (fenestrae) in their walls
- Sinusoidal: Contain many large fenestrae

Front 66

Layers of heart wall

Back 66

- Endocardium
- Myocardium
- Epicardium

Front 67

Lymphatic vascular system

Back 67

Consist of vessels that collect the excess insterstitial fluid and return it to the cardiovascular system

Front 68

Compartments of immune system

Back 68

- Innate immune system (response rapidly)
- Adaptive immune system (immunological memory)

Front 69

Immunogens and antigens

Back 69

-Immunogens: Always elict immune response
- Antigens: Bind to antibodies but does not necessarily elict an immune response

Front 70

Immunoglobulins

Back 70

Antibodies that are manufactured by plasma cells

Front 71

Lymphoid organs

Back 71

1. Primary (central) lymphoid organs
2. Secnodary (peripheral) lymphoid organs

Front 72

Thymus

Back 72

Primary lymphoid organ--> site of maturation of T-lymphocytes

Front 73

Thymic cortex

Back 73

Immunological competency of T cells, elimination of self-intolerant T lymphocytes, and MHC recognition occur in the thymic cortex

Front 74

Thymic medulla

Back 74

Presence of Hassall's corpuscles
All cells of medulla are immunocomponent T cells

Front 75

Lymph nodes

Back 75

- Serve as filters for the removal of bacteria and other foreign substances
- Contain: Cortex, paracortex and medulla

Front 76

Spleen

Back 76

Largest lymphoid organ in the body

Front 77

White pulp and marginal zone of the spleen

Back 77

White pulp: Housing T cells and lymphoid nodules housing B cells
Marginal zone: Housing B cells

Front 78

Red pulp of spleen

Back 78

Composed of splenic sinuses and splenic cords

Front 79

Gut-Associated Lymphoid tissue

Back 79

AKA "GALT" and is located in the ileum and is known as Peyer's patches

Front 80

Tonsils

Back 80

Incompletely encapsulated aggregates of lymphoid nodules that guard the entrance to the oral pharynx