Additional Histo Part 1

Front 1

Organelles

Back 1

Organelles are metabolically active cellular structures that excecute specific functions

Front 2

Cell membrane

Back 2

The cell membrane forms a selectively permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and the external milieu

Front 3

Molecular composition

Back 3

The plasmalemma is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and associated integral and peripheral proteins

Front 4

Glycocalyx

Back 4

Composed usually of carbohydrate chains and coats the cell surface

Front 5

Membrane transport proteins

Back 5

Membrane transport proteins are of two types, channel proteins and carrier proteins

Front 6

Cell signaling

Back 6

Signaling cells release signaling molecules that bind to cell surface receptors of target cells

Front 7

Cell surface receptors

Back 7

Ion channel-linked, enzyme-linked and G-protein-linked

Front 8

Protein synthesis

Back 8

In the ribosomes (located in the cytosol) or on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 9

Golgi apparatus

Back 9

Functions in the synthesis of carbohydrates and in the modification and sorting of proteins manufactured on the RER

Front 10

Endocytotic mechanisms

Back 10

Divied into two categories:
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis

Front 11

Endosomes

Back 11

Divided into two compartments:
- Early endosomes (near the periphery of the cell)
- Late endosomes (deeper in the cytoplasm)

Front 12

Lysosomes

Back 12

Have acid pH and contain hydrolytic enzymes

Front 13

Peroxisomes

Back 13

Self-replicating organelles that contain oxidative enzymes

Front 14

Proteasomes

Back 14

Small organelles composed of protein complexes that are responsible for proteolysis of malformed and ubiquitin-tagged proteins

Front 15

Mitochondria

Back 15

Posses their own DNA and perform oxidative phosphorylation and lipid synthesis

Front 16

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Back 16

The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae to provide a larger surface area for ATP synthesis and the respiratory chain

Front 17

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 17

Process responsible for the formation of ATP

Front 18

Glycogen

Back 18

Storage form of glucose

Front 19

Lipids

Back 19

Storage form of triglycerides

Front 20

Cytoskeleton

Back 20

Three major compartments:
- Thin filaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules

Front 21

Thin filaments

Back 21

Actin filaments that interact with myosin to bring about intracellular or cellular movement

Front 22

Intermediate filaments

Back 22

They assist together with their associated proteins in the establishment and the maintenance of the three-dimensional framework of the cell

Front 23

Microtubules

Back 23

Long, straight, rigid tubular-appearing structures that act as intracellular pathways

Front 24

Microtubule-associated proteins

Back 24

Are motor proteins that assist in the translocation of organelles and vesicles inside the cell

Front 25

Centrioles

Back 25

Small, cylindrical structures composed of nine microtubule triplets. They constitute the core of the microtubule organizing center or the centrosome

Front 26

Nuclear envelope

Back 26

Composed of two parallel unit membranes that fuse with each other at certain regions to form perforations known as nuclear pores

Front 27

Nuclear pores

Back 27

Interruptions in the nuclear envelope, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes fuse with each other, establishing sites where communication may occur between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Front 28

Nuclear pore complex

Back 28

Composed of the nuclear pore and its associated glycoproteins

Front 29

Function of the nuclear complex

Back 29

Function in bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport

Front 30

Chromatin

Back 30

Complex of DNA and proteins and represents the relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes of the interphase nucleus

Front 31

Chromosomes

Back 31

Chromatin fibers that become condensed and tightly coiled during mitosis and meiosis that they are visible with the light microscope

Front 32

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 32

Genetic material of the cell, is located in the nucleus, where it acts as a template for RNA transcription

Front 33

Ribonucleic acid

Back 33

Similar to DNA except that it is single-stranded, one of its bases is uracil instead of thymine, and its sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose

Front 34

Messenger RNA

Back 34

Carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to act as a template for the protein synthesis

Front 35

Transfer RNA

Back 35

Ferries activated amino acids to the ribosome/mRNA complex, resulting in the formation of the protein

Front 36

Ribosomal RNA

Back 36

Forms associations with the proteins and enzymes in the nucleus to form ribosomes

Front 37

Nucleoplasm

Back 37

Consist of interchromatin and perichromatin granules, RNPs, and the nuclear matrix

Front 38

Nucleolus

Back 38

Deeply staining non-membrane-bounded structure within the nucleus that is involved in rRNA synthesis and in the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits

Front 39

The cell cycle

Back 39

Prepare the cell for dividing into two daughter cells

Front 40

Two major events of cell cycle

Back 40

1. Interphase (G1, S and G2)
2. Mitosis

Front 41

Ground substance

Back 41

Amorphous gel-like material composed of glycoaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Front 42

Fibers

Back 42

Collagen and elastic fibers

Front 43

Collagen synthesis

Back 43

Occurs on the rough endoplasmic reticulum as individual preprocollagen chains (alpha-chains)

Front 44

Basement membrane

Back 44

Composed of basel lamina and lamina reticularis

Front 45

Basal lamina

Back 45

Manufactured by the epithelium and is composed of:
- Lamina lucida
- Lamina densa

Front 46

Lamina reticularis

Back 46

Derived from the connective tissue component and is responsible for affixing the lamina densa to the underlying connective tissue

Front 47

Epithelium

Back 47

Tightly bound contiguous cells froming sheets covering or lining the body are known as an epithelium

Front 48

Apical domain

Back 48

represents the free surface of the epithelial cells

Front 49

Microvilli

Back 49

Small finger-like cytplasmic projections emanating from the free surface of the cell into the lumen

Front 50

Cilia

Back 50

Cilia are long, hair-like structures emanating from the apical cell surface. Their core is composed of a complex arrangement of microtubules known as the axoneme

Front 51

Basolateral domain

Back 51

Basal and lateral domain of the cell membrane

Front 52

Zonulae occludentes

Back 52

Prevent movement of membrane proteins and function to prevent intercellular movement of the water-soluble molecules

Front 53

Zonulae adherentes

Back 53

Are belt-like junctions that assist adjoining cells to adhere to one other

Front 54

Desmosomes (Maculae Adherentes)

Back 54

Weld-like junctions along the lateral cell membranes that help to resist shearing forces

Front 55

Gap junctions

Back 55

Also called nexus or communicating junctions, are regions of intercellular communication

Front 56

Hemidesmosomes

Back 56

Attach epithelial cells to the underlaying basal lamina

Front 57

Two types of glands

Back 57

1. Exocrine glands
2. Endocrine glands

Front 58

Exocrine glands

Back 58

Secrete their products via a duct to the surface of their epithelial orgin

Front 59

Endocrine glands

Back 59

Are ductless, and thus their secretory products are released directly into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system