Addictions

Front 1

An Addict

Back 1

someone who 'has no control over their behavior', uses a maladaptive coping mechanism

Front 2

an addiction

Back 2

'a need for a drug'

Front 3

Dependency

Back 3

'Showing psychological and physiological withdrawal'

Front 4

Drug

Back 4

'an addictive substance'

Front 5

Mind-body dualism

Back 5

theories of addictions and addictive behavior emphasize either the psychological or physiological process. this separation is reflected in the differences between the disease models and the social learning perspectives. therefore, although some of the treatment perspectives emphasize both mind (e.g. cue exposure) and body (e.g. nicotine replacement), they are still seen as distinct components of the individual.

Front 6

Changes in theory represent improvement

Back 6

it is often assumed that the most recent theoretical perspective is an improvement on previous theories. in terms of addictive behaviours, the moral model is seen as more naive than the disease model, which is more naive than a social learning theory perspective. However, perhaps these different models also illustrate different (and not neccessarily better) ways of explaining behaviour and of describing the individual. therefore, to see an individual who drinks a great model of the individual than an explanation that describes a physiological predisposition (the second disease model) or learning the behaviour via reinforcement.

Front 7

Abstinence

Back 7

The fact or practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something

Front 8

High-risk situation examples

Back 8

lowered mood, being offered a cigarette

Front 9

coping behaviour

Back 9

if they can cope effectively, then abstinence will be maintained. if not, then the person will lapse.

Front 10

positive outcome expectancies

Back 10

successful coping is helped by negative outcome expectancy but hindered by positive outcome expectancies (eg smoking will make me feel less anxious)

Front 11

self-efficacy

Back 11

successful coping is also helped by high levels of self-efficacy

Front 12

Lapse

Back 12

the initial lapse happens

Front 13

full-blown relapse

Back 13

the lapse is then turned into a full blown relapse (smoking a packet of cigarettes) if the following happens: the lapse is attributed to the self (e.g. 'i am useless, it is my fault')

Front 14

Abstinence returns

Back 14

the lapse returns to abstinence if the following happens: guilt and self-blame are reduced.

Front 15

four key stages of addictive behaviours

Back 15

initiation, maintenance, cessation and relapse

Front 16

moral models

Back 16

Addiction as the result of weakness and lack of moral fibre

Front 17

bio-medical models

Back 17

Views addiction as a disease

Front 18

Social learning theories

Back 18

Regards addictive behaviours as learnt according to the rules of learning theory

Front 19

Social learning theories

Back 19

The term ‘addictive behaviours’ replaces ‘addictions’

Addictive behaviours regarded as a consequence of learning processes

Challenges the concepts of addictions, addicts, illness, and disease

Front 20

Addictive behaviours

Back 20

Are seen as acquired habits, which are learned according to the rules of social learning theory
Can be unlearned; they are not irreversible
Lie on a continuum; they are not discrete
Are treated using either total abstinence or ‘relearning ‘normal’ behaviour

Front 21

Interventions

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Interventions that promote cessation can be describe as:-

Clinical Interventions
Self help
Public health interventions

Front 22

Clinical Interventions

Back 22

Use a combination of approaches that reflect diseases and social learning models of addiction
Disease perspective
Drug seen as addictive with individuals acquiring tolerance and dependency
Cessation programmes aim to reduce dependency
When dependency has been reduced then individual will have minimised withdrawal effects

Front 23

Social Learning Interventions

Back 23

Emphasises the learning of addictions through
Pperant conditioning (rewards and punishment),
Classical conditioning (associations with internal/external cues)
Observational learning (modelling)
Cessation procedures emphasise these processes
Aversion Therapy
Punish drug taking rather than reward it
SHOCK = not very effective (Wilson, 1978)
Antabuse = more effective (Lang and Marlatt, 1982)
Contingency Contracting
Punish drug taking but also reward abstinence
Reward/punishment is contingent on cessation
Effective until contract ends then relapse high (Schwartz, 1987)
Cue exposure procedure
Aim to extinguish the cue that triggers desire to smoke/drink

Front 24

How is the behaviour initiated and maintained?

Back 24

Models of health behaviours (e.g. HBM, PMT, TRA) have been used to examine cognitive/affective factors that contribute to smoking/alcohol initiation