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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of cell is hyperplasia only possible in? |
cells capable of dividing |
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what type of cell does hypertrophy occur in? what is usually the cause of hypertrophy? |
occurs in non-dividing cells
caused by increased functional demand |
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What is the pathophysiology of atrophy?
What two components increase during atrophy? |
Protein degradation (ubiquitination) exceeds synthesis
Autophagic vacuoles increase
Residual bodies increase |
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Metaplasia is induced by _____ and _______ in response to ? |
Metaplasia is induced by cytokines and growth factors in response to stress or persistent injury |
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What are the 5 essential cellular systems of the cell? What is the location of each? |
System = Location:
1) aerobic respiration for the production of ATP = the mitochondria 2) Osmotic and ionic balance = membranes 3) Protein synthesis = ribosomes 4) Structural maintenance and intracellular transport = cytoskeleton 5) Functional genetic apparatus = nucleus |
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What are the two main cellular changes that occur during a reversible injury? |
Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum + mitochondria and the clumping of chromatin |
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What are the cellular changes associated with irreversible injury? |
lysosome rupture myelin figures fragmentation of cell membrane nuclear condensation fragmentation of nucleus aka karyorexis
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Typical cause of coagulation necrosis? |
ischemia |
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In coagulation the ghost outlines of cells are preserved due to _______ and ____? |
The ghost outlines of cells are preserved due to calcium infusion and early denaturation of the structural proteins and enzymes, including lysosomal enzymes |
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Gangrenous necrosis?
Wet Gangrene? |
ischemic necrosis of extremities and the bowel where it is associated with a black discoloration.
If secondarily infected it may be described as wet gangrene. |
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Liquefactive necrosis shows no ghost outlines because ?
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Liquefactive necrosis shows no ghost outlines because the dead cells have been hydrolyzed by enzymes released from ruptured lysosomes |
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When does Liquefactive necrosis occur |
typical of necrosis due to bacterial infection and is also seen in infarction of the CNS |
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Caseous Necrosis? |
Caseous (Cheesy) Necrosis describes the gross appearance of necrosis seen in tuberculosis. |
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Fat Necrosis? |
Fat Necrosis = faintly outlined necrotic cells produced by the action of free pancreatic enzymes on adjacent tissues, mainly fat. |
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The release of fatty acids from the necrotic tissue promotes the early formation of ? |
The release of fatty acids from the necrotic tissue promotes the early formation of chalky calcium deposits (soaps). |
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______ tends to form in all types of necrosis eventually, unless the debris is completely removed by macrophages. |
dystrophic calcification |
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The execution of apoptosis is accomplished by the activation of a cascade of unique enzymes called _______ |
caspases. |
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Action of caspases? |
denature cytoplasmic proteins and fragment the cytoskeleton of both cytoplasm and nucleus.
activate DNAases that systematically digest the DNA into small fragments of uniform size. |
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During apoptosis, ultimately the cell is converted into |
multiple membrane enclosed cytoplasmic fragments that contain nuclear debris |
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Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis? (3 steps) |
1. FASL or TNF-alpha bind to receptor on a cell 2. FADD binds to pro-caspase 8 3. Caspase-8 is produced and causes the caspase cascade |
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Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis? (4 steps) |
1. Anti apoptotic proteins BCL-2 and BCL-x are exchanged for pro apoptotic proteins BAK and BAX 2. Increased membrane permiability and cytocrome C are released 3. cytocrome C activates Apaf-1 which activates Caspase 9 4. Caspase 9 activates the caspase cascade |
