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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Heart Rate
|
- 60-100 bpm
- tachycardic care with head down tile and with exercise - bradycardic may have decreased cardiac output |
|
Respiratory Rate
|
- 12-16/min
-hypoventilation may lead to Co2 retention - hyperventilation indicate resp distress |
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Temperature
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- 36.5-37.3
- febrile indicates infection |
|
ABG
pH PO2 PCo2 HCO3 Base Excess |
- ABG: acid/base status of blood, gives indication of resp and metabolic status and body's ability to compensate, decrease pH decrease PCO2
- pH 7.35-7.45 - PO2 80-100 mmHg - PCo2 35-45 mmHg - HCo3 22-26 - Base Excess +/- 2 |
|
Blood pressure
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- 120/80
- 100 -140/60-100 - do not mobilise under 90/60 as it indicates decreased perfusion --> fainting/falling |
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Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
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- 3-15 cm H20 / 2-6 mmHg
- equals right arterial pressure, reflects pressures and returning fluid volume |
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
|
- 80-100 mmHg (will vary depends on docs)
- perfusion to the brain |
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Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PA)
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- 10-20 mmHg
- increases with problems in the left heart or the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary hypertension) & increased work of right ventricle |
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Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)
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- 8-12 mmHg
- > 18 indicates pulmonary congestion - ?25 indicates pulmonary oedema - most accurate indicator of the left heart function - sits in to pulmonary artery |
|
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)
|
- 2-4 cm
- lying in45 degree angle - sign of venous hypertension |
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Cardiac output
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- 4-6 L/min
- hearts output |
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Cardiac Index
|
2-4 L/min
adjusted to each individuals weight |
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Stroke Volume
|
- 40-80ml
|
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White Blood Cell
- full blood count |
- 4-11 x 10^9
- indicates infection |
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Red Blood Cell
- full blood count |
- 4-6 x 10^12
- Low RBC can cause fatigue and weakness |
|
Hb
- full blood count |
- 115-165
- varies between men and women - avoid mob with pt less than 100 but can also be symptomatic managment |
|
Platelets
- full blood count |
- 150-500
- low platelets --> beware of bleeding easily or doing harsh perc/vib - high platelets --> increase risk of clotting and DVTS |
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Calcitonin
- full blood count |
- bacterial infection
- used to diagnose C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid cancer |
|
Haematocrit (HCT)/ Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- full blood count |
- Male: 42%-52%
- Female: 37% -48% - low levels indicate anaemia - high levels may indicate dehydration |
|
Creatine Kinase (CK)
- cardiac markers |
- 20-175 U/L
- high levels indicate muscle break down ? in the cardiac muscle and pt has had a |
|
Troponin
- cardiac markers |
- 0-0.4 ug/L
- enzyme found in cardiac muscle, indicator of muscle injury - high levels indicate cardiac damage. highly specific for MI, is detectable within 3 hours after onset of chest pain and is slow to clear |
|
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
- cardiac markers |
- 0-100
- measured if heat failure is suspected - high levels indicates congestive heart failure |
|
STEMI
NSTEMI - cardiac events |
STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- complete occulsive thrombus in coronary artery, ECG changes and increase troponin NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction - no ECG changes but trop elevated, high risk 6-14 days post event for NSTEMI --> STEMI |
|
Digoxin
- cardiac drugs |
- treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms
- strengthens heart contractions - can cause side effects |
|
Calcium (Ca)
- eletrolytes |
- 2.1-2.6 mmol/L
- abnormal levels can cause muscle dysfunction , kidney disease, thyroid disease, intestinal disease,cancer, fatigue, weakness - leading to arrhythmias, muscle spasm, confusion or coma |
|
Magnesium (Mg)
- eletrolytes |
- 0.8-1.0 mmol/L
- abnormal levels if abnormal excretion from kidneys - muscle twitches, irritability, nausea, diarrhoea, cramping, confusion, seziure - if mg too low pt can't do strenuous activity/ can cause arrhythmias |
|
Phosphate (Po4)
- eletrolytes |
- 0.7-1.4 mmol/L
- abnormal levels in alcoholics, and patients being treated for keloacidosis or malnourished |
|
INR (International Normalised Ratio)
- Coagulation Screen |
- 0.9 -1.2 [high range means clot risk]
- normalised range of prothrombin time for blood clotting - caution with percs and vibs if low |
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APTT
- Coagulation Screen |
- 25-35 seconds
- measures the length of time that it takes for clotting to occur in plasma - risk of excessive bleeding prior to surgical or to monitor warfarin therapy |
|
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
- Coagulation Screen |
- 0-6
- general marker of infection and inflammation a test prior to other specific tests - ie inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease |
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Total protein
- Liver function test |
- 65-80 g/L
- can reflect nutritional status, kidney disease, liver disease and other conditions |
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Albumin
- Liver function test |
- 33-50 g/L
- keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels and thus nourishes the body with vitamins - low when liver is damaged, kidney disease, malnourished, inflammation in the body or with shock - increased with dehydrations |
|
Bilbrubin
- Liver function test |
- 1-20 umol/L
- formed with the breakdown of Hb - high levels indicate destruction of RBC or liver not removing bilrubin - ie gallstones, hepatitis |
|
ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)
- Liver function test |
- 50-150 U/L
- Used to test for liver or bone disorders |
|
ALT
- Liver function test |
- 0-40 U/L
- enzyme found in liver - released into the blood stream when the liver is damaged |
|
AST
- Liver function test |
- 0-40 U/L
- enzyme found in heart and liver - when liver is injured or obstructed, they released enzyme into blood |
|
GGT
- Liver function test |
- 7- 50 U/L
- enzyme found in liver - when liver is injured or obstructed, they released enzyme into blood |
|
Amylase
- Liver function test |
- 15 - 100 U/L
- Used to diagnose and monitor pancreatic diseases - levels increase when cells in the pancreas is injured or pancreas is blocked |
|
Urine Output
- renal function |
- 1ml/kg/hr
- changes indicate renal dysfunction |
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Urea
- renal function |
- 2.5 - 6.6 mmol/L
- high levels indicate renal failure |
|
Creatinine
- renal function |
- 0.7 - 1.4 mg/100ml
- high values indicate renal failure |
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Lactate
|
- lactatic acid levels in the blood may build up with hypoxia and also inherited metabolic or mitochondrial disorders
- increase in lactate indicates a severe condition |
|
Phosphate
|
- 0.7 - 1.4 mmol/L
- vital for enery production, muscle and nerve function and bone growth |
|
Potassium
|
- 3.5-5 mmol/L
- maintains cell membrane excitability - ventricular tachicardia and fibulations |