• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/44

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Heart Rate
- 60-100 bpm
- tachycardic care with head down tile and with exercise
- bradycardic may have decreased cardiac output
Respiratory Rate
- 12-16/min
-hypoventilation may lead to Co2 retention
- hyperventilation indicate resp distress
Temperature
- 36.5-37.3
- febrile indicates infection
ABG
pH
PO2
PCo2
HCO3
Base Excess
- ABG: acid/base status of blood, gives indication of resp and metabolic status and body's ability to compensate, decrease pH decrease PCO2
- pH 7.35-7.45
- PO2 80-100 mmHg
- PCo2 35-45 mmHg
- HCo3 22-26
- Base Excess +/- 2
Blood pressure
- 120/80
- 100 -140/60-100
- do not mobilise under 90/60 as it indicates decreased perfusion --> fainting/falling
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
- 3-15 cm H20 / 2-6 mmHg
- equals right arterial pressure, reflects pressures and returning fluid volume
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- 80-100 mmHg (will vary depends on docs)
- perfusion to the brain
Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PA)
- 10-20 mmHg
- increases with problems in the left heart or the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary hypertension) & increased work of right ventricle
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)
- 8-12 mmHg
- > 18 indicates pulmonary congestion
- ?25 indicates pulmonary oedema
- most accurate indicator of the left heart function
- sits in to pulmonary artery
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)
- 2-4 cm
- lying in45 degree angle
- sign of venous hypertension
Cardiac output
- 4-6 L/min
- hearts output
Cardiac Index
2-4 L/min
adjusted to each individuals weight
Stroke Volume
- 40-80ml
White Blood Cell
- full blood count
- 4-11 x 10^9
- indicates infection
Red Blood Cell
- full blood count
- 4-6 x 10^12
- Low RBC can cause fatigue and weakness
Hb
- full blood count
- 115-165
- varies between men and women
- avoid mob with pt less than 100 but can also be symptomatic managment
Platelets
- full blood count
- 150-500
- low platelets --> beware of bleeding easily or doing harsh perc/vib
- high platelets --> increase risk of clotting and DVTS
Calcitonin
- full blood count
- bacterial infection
- used to diagnose C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid cancer
Haematocrit (HCT)/ Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- full blood count
- Male: 42%-52%
- Female: 37% -48%
- low levels indicate anaemia
- high levels may indicate dehydration
Creatine Kinase (CK)
- cardiac markers
- 20-175 U/L
- high levels indicate muscle break down ? in the cardiac muscle and pt has had a
Troponin
- cardiac markers
- 0-0.4 ug/L
- enzyme found in cardiac muscle, indicator of muscle injury
- high levels indicate cardiac damage. highly specific for MI, is detectable within 3 hours after onset of chest pain and is slow to clear
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
- cardiac markers
- 0-100
- measured if heat failure is suspected
- high levels indicates congestive heart failure
STEMI
NSTEMI
- cardiac events
STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- complete occulsive thrombus in coronary artery, ECG changes and increase troponin
NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
- no ECG changes but trop elevated, high risk 6-14 days post event for NSTEMI --> STEMI
Digoxin
- cardiac drugs
- treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms
- strengthens heart contractions
- can cause side effects
Calcium (Ca)
- eletrolytes
- 2.1-2.6 mmol/L
- abnormal levels can cause muscle dysfunction , kidney disease, thyroid disease, intestinal disease,cancer, fatigue, weakness
- leading to arrhythmias, muscle spasm, confusion or coma
Magnesium (Mg)
- eletrolytes
- 0.8-1.0 mmol/L
- abnormal levels if abnormal excretion from kidneys
- muscle twitches, irritability, nausea, diarrhoea, cramping, confusion, seziure
- if mg too low pt can't do strenuous activity/ can cause arrhythmias
Phosphate (Po4)
- eletrolytes
- 0.7-1.4 mmol/L
- abnormal levels in alcoholics, and patients being treated for keloacidosis or malnourished
INR (International Normalised Ratio)
- Coagulation Screen
- 0.9 -1.2 [high range means clot risk]
- normalised range of prothrombin time for blood clotting
- caution with percs and vibs if low
APTT
- Coagulation Screen
- 25-35 seconds
- measures the length of time that it takes for clotting to occur in plasma
- risk of excessive bleeding prior to surgical or to monitor warfarin therapy
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
- Coagulation Screen
- 0-6
- general marker of infection and inflammation a test prior to other specific tests
- ie inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease
Total protein
- Liver function test
- 65-80 g/L
- can reflect nutritional status, kidney disease, liver disease and other conditions
Albumin
- Liver function test
- 33-50 g/L
- keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels and thus nourishes the body with vitamins
- low when liver is damaged, kidney disease, malnourished, inflammation in the body or with shock
- increased with dehydrations
Bilbrubin
- Liver function test
- 1-20 umol/L
- formed with the breakdown of Hb
- high levels indicate destruction of RBC or liver not removing bilrubin
- ie gallstones, hepatitis
ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)
- Liver function test
- 50-150 U/L
- Used to test for liver or bone disorders
ALT
- Liver function test
- 0-40 U/L
- enzyme found in liver
- released into the blood stream when the liver is damaged
AST
- Liver function test
- 0-40 U/L
- enzyme found in heart and liver
- when liver is injured or obstructed, they released enzyme into blood
GGT
- Liver function test
- 7- 50 U/L
- enzyme found in liver
- when liver is injured or obstructed, they released enzyme into blood
Amylase
- Liver function test
- 15 - 100 U/L
- Used to diagnose and monitor pancreatic diseases
- levels increase when cells in the pancreas is injured or pancreas is blocked
Urine Output
- renal function
- 1ml/kg/hr
- changes indicate renal dysfunction
Urea
- renal function
- 2.5 - 6.6 mmol/L
- high levels indicate renal failure
Creatinine
- renal function
- 0.7 - 1.4 mg/100ml
- high values indicate renal failure
Lactate
- lactatic acid levels in the blood may build up with hypoxia and also inherited metabolic or mitochondrial disorders
- increase in lactate indicates a severe condition
Phosphate
- 0.7 - 1.4 mmol/L
- vital for enery production, muscle and nerve function and bone growth
Potassium
- 3.5-5 mmol/L
- maintains cell membrane excitability
- ventricular tachicardia and fibulations