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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Health-related physical fitness
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ability to carry out daily tasks without undue fatigue and to enjoy leisure-time pursuits
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Sort-Related Physical Fitness
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agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time that are important for what is called sport- or skill-related physical fitness.
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physical activity
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any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over resting energy expenditure
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Physical fitness
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capability of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and muscles to perform at optimal efficiency
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Cardiorespiratory endurance
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ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity
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Body composition
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relative amount or percentage of different types of body tissue (bone, fat, muscle) that are related to health
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Muscular strength
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ability of a muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue, or to maintain a specific percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time
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muscular fitness
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muscular strength and muscular endurance can be combined into one component
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Flexibility
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ability to move a joint through its complete range of movement
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dose-response relationship
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minimal dose of physical activity and/or exercise that is required to produce health benefits
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reasons for assessing HRPF
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Educating participants about their present health-related fitness status; helpful in the development of exercise prescriptions to address all fitness components; Motivating participants by establishing reasonable and attainable fitness goals; Stratifying cardiovascular risk
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Benefits of Regular PA and Improvement in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function
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Improvement in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function; Reduction in Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors; Decreased Mortality and Morbidity
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Fundamental Principles of Assessment
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Specific Objective
The Gold Standard (true measure) Equipment Calibration Standardization Interpretation Issues |
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Error of Measurement
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as ±1 standard deviation from the mean
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Criterion-referenced standards
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“excellent” or “poor” in classifying test results
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normative standards
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client's performance and the performance of similar individuals such as 90th, 50th,
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first step in the process of HRPF assessment
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informed consent
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essential steps in executing the informed consent are
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Explaining the purpose Describing the procedure used
Describ risks and discomforts Describing the benefits Describing alternatives (if any) Describ responsibilities of the client Encouraging client to ask questions at any time Explaining how data will be handled (confidentiality) withdraw consent at any time |
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examples of some common HRPF assessments
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Anthropometry or body composition
Cardiorespiratory fitness Flexibility Muscular fitness |
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the 2nd step in the process of HRPF assessment
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Preassessment screening
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Preassessment screening is
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gathering a client's demographic and health-related information, along with some health risk/medical assessments
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reasons why clients should be screened prior to participation in an HRPF assessment program
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To identify medical contraindication (exclusion)
To identify those who should receive a physician evaluation prior to performing specific HRPF assessments only perform HRPF assessments administered by professionals with clinical experience (and possibly in a clinical facility with physician availability) other health risk/medical concerns |
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Risk Stratification
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help determine the appropriate course of action regarding fitness assessments involving exercise testing
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Contraindications for Exercise Testing
Absolute |
change in resting ECG
Unstable angina Uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis Uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure Acute pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Suspected or known dissecting aneurysm Acute systemic infection, accompanied by fever, body aches, or swollen lymph glands |
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Contraindications for Exercise Testing
Relativea |
Left main coronary stenosis
Moderate stenotic valvular heart disease Electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia) Severe arterial hypertension (i.e., systolic BP of >200 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP of >110 mmHg) at rest Tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other forms of outflow tract obstruction Neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, or rheumatoid disorders that are exacerbated by exercise High-degree atrioventricular block Ventricular aneurysm Uncontrolled metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, or myxedema) Chronic infectious disease (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis, AIDS) Mental or physical impairment leading to inability to exercise adequately |
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Most of the pertinent health risks and medical information about a client can be obtained from a
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health history questionnaire (HHQ)
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Low Risk -
ACSM Risk Stratification Categories for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) |
Asymptomatic men and women who have ≤1 CVD risk factor
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Moderate risk - ACSM Risk Stratification Categories for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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Asymptomatic men and women who have ≥2 risk factors from
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High risk - ACSM Risk Stratification Categories for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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Individuals who have known cardiovascular,a pulmonary, or metabolicc disease or ≥ signs and symptoms
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What is Risk Stratification when no medical exam or GXT before mid or vig exercise is not necessary
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low risk
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what risk stratification when medical exam and GXT not necessary for mod exercise but recommended for vigerous
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moderate risk
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what risk stratification when medical exam and GXT for mod and vig exercise is recommended
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high risk
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when is MD supervision of exercise test for submax and max not necessary
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low risk
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when is MD supervision of exercise test for submax is not necessary byt recomended for max
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moderate risk
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when is MD supervision of submax and max exercise tests recommended
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high risk
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define the VO2 max of mod exercise
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40 - 60%
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define the VO2 max of vig exercise
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>60%
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when MD supervision of exer testing is rec, the MD should be
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readily available
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HHQ should assess a client's
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CAD risk factors
Past history history of chronic diseases surgeries and hospitalizations musculoskeletal injuries health behaviors/habits (physical activity, dietary patterns, weight loss) Current use of any medications |
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contraindications for exercise
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risks of exercise outweigh any potential benefit
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True or False
The fitness professional should instruct a client to stop taking or change the timing of his or her medication prior to any HRPF assessment |
FALSE
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Preassessment screening includes what 3 parts
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informed consent
rist stratification medical eval is needed prior |
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Blood pressure (BP) is
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force of blood against the walls of the arteries and veins created by the heart as it pumps blood to every part of the body
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arterial BP is measured and expressed in units of
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millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
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The two phases of BP are
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systolic and diastolic
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The systolic BP is
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maximum pressure in the arteries during the contraction (systole) phase of the heart
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Diastolic BP is
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minimum pressure in the arteries during the relaxation (diastole) phase of the heart
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The direct measure of BP requires
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catheter in an artery followed by the insertion of a pressure transducer into the catheter
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Resting BP is typically assessed by
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indirect method termed auscultation
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Korotkoff
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sounds heard through the stethoscope during the BP measurement come from the turbulence of blood in the artery, which is caused by blood moving from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
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This air pressure inside the BP cuff occludes the blood flow within what artery
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brachial
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As long as the pressure in the cuff is higher than the systolic BP, the artery remains
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occluded or collapsed and no sound is heard
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The first sound will heard in the stethoscope corresponds to the measure of what?
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systolic BP
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As the pressure in the cuff drops, it gets to a point where the cuff is no longer occluding the artery and all sounds will disappear. The pressure reading at the last sound heard is the
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diastolic BP
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The first, initial sound or the onset of sound. Sounds like What phase of Korotkoff sounds clear, repetitive tapping. The sound may be faint at first and gradually increase in intensity or volume
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phase 1
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What phase of Korotkoff sounds like a soft tapping or murmur. The sounds are often longer than the phase 1 sounds. These sounds have also been described as having a swishing component.
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phase 2
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What phase of Korotkoff sounds like a loud tapping sound; high in both pitch and intensity.
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phase 3
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What phase of Korotkoff sounds like a muffling of the sound
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phase 4
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What phase of Korotkoff sounds like the complete disappearance of sound
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phase 5
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BP measurement using the ausculatory method requires what 3 (measuring equipment)
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stethoscope
manometer spygmomanometer |
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a sphygmomanometer cuff that is too small will typically
result in what kind of reading |
underestimation of BP
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What is the oscillatory method for measuring BP?
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uses a cuff that fills with a fluid, instead of air
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True or False
The aneroid manometer should be checked daily for accuracy against the standard mercury manometer. |
True
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What is a person with white coat syndrome aftraid of?
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Being in a doctors office
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How many minutes should a patient be seated prior to taking resting BP?
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5 minutes
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Align Sphygonometer cuff with what?
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Brachial artery
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How much of the cuff should encircle the arm
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80%
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How high do you inflate the cuff
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20 mmHg above first Korotkoff sound
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what rate do you release pressure
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2 - 5 mmHg per second
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Systolic BP is the point at which
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the first of two or more Korotkoff sounds is heard
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diastolic BP is the point before
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the disappearance of Korotkoff sounds
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How many measurements should be made and how often
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2 measurements at a minimum o 1 minute apart
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What 2 things do you tell the patient
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BP numbers and goals
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Where is the brachial artery located
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medial to the biceps tendon
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How should the stethoscope earpeices be facing
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forward
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how do you round
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even numbers and round up to nearest 2 mmHg
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what is normal SBP mmHg?
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<120
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What is normal DBP mmHg?
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And <80
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Pryhypertenions SBP mmHg?
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120-139
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Prehypertension DBP mmHg?
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Or 80-89
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If SBP or DBP are in Prehypertension classification what is the recomendation?
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lifestyle modification but no antihypertensive drug indicated unless compelling indication
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Stage 1 Hypertension SBP mmHg
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140-159
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Stage 1 Hypertension DBP
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Or 90-99
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If SBP or DBP are in stage 1 Hypertension classification what is the recomendation?
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lifestyle modification and antihypertensive drugs
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Stage 2 hypertension SBP mmHg
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greater than or equal to 160
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Stage 2 hypertension DBP mmHg
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or greater than or equal to 100
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If SBP or DBP are in stage 2 Hypertension classification what is the recomendation?
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lifestyle recomendation and two-drug antihypertensive combination
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A blood test can determine the presence of what two coronary disease risk factors?
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hypercholesterolemia and prediabetes
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What are bloodborne pathogens?
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microorganisms in the blood or other body fluids that can cause illness and disease in people
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The National Cholesterol Education Program has standardized the interpretation of results of cholesterol, including
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high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density protein (LDL) and triglycerides.
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The risk factor criteria for fasting blood glucose(prediabetes) are values from
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100–125 mg · dL-1
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Normal values for fasting blood glucose are
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<100 mg · dL-1
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Values for diagnostic for diabetes in fasting blood glucose are
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≥126 mg · dL-1
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True or False
Blood pressure measures that are elevated should be confirmed with at lease one other test |
True
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True or False
Elevated blood glucose measurements should be measured once. |
False
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Define Obesity
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excessive amount of body fat
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How is obesity determined
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body weight compared to height and also girth of abdominal region
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What is optimal LDL?
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<100
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What is near optimal/above optimal LDL?
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100-129
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What is borderline high LDL?
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130-159
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What is High LDL?
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160-189
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What is very high LDL?
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> or = 190
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What is desirable total cholesterol
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<200
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What is borderline high total cholesterol?
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200-239
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What is high total cholesterol?
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> or = 240
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What is low HDL cholesterol?
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<40
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What is high cholesterol?
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> or = 60
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What are normal triglycerides?
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<150
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What are borderline high triglycerides
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150-199
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What are high triglycerides?
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200-499
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what are very high triglycerides?
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> or = 500
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How do you convert LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol from mg · dL-1 to mmol · L-1
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multiply by 0.0259
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How do you convert triglycerides from mg · dL-1 to mmol · L-1
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multiply by 0.0113
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What do you use to measure height?
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stadiometer
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True or False
when measuring height, the client can keep on their shoes |
false
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True or False
when measuring height, clients heels should be not be touching together |
false
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True or False
when using stadiometer, the heels, midbody and upper body parts should be touching the wall |
true
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True or False
when measuring height, client should hold their breath and look straight ahead |
true
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True or False
when measuring height, the horizontal headboard should be lowered to touch the top of the head |
true
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When using balance beam scale for measuring weight, it is important to do what on a regular basis
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calibrate to zero
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When is the best time to measure weight?
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morning prior to eating or drinking
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BMI is also called the ______ index
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Quetelet
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What does BMI assess
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obesity risk factor
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What two values does BMI compare
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weight in kg to height in meters squared
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What do you do to converting pounds to kg
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divide the pounds by 2.2046
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How do you convert inches to cm?
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multiply by 2.54
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How do you convert cm to m?
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divide by 100
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How do you square meters?
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multiply the meter measure by itself
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how do you calculate BMI
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convert lbs to kg (div by 2.2046); multiply inches by 2.54; divide cm by 100 to get m; square that number; divide kg by m squared
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What is a second indicator of obesity other than BMI?
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waist circumference
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Where do you take the waist circumference?
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above umbilicus and below xiphoid process
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What side of the client do you stand on?
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right side
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Should waist measurements be taken over clothes?
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no - bare skin
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When should waist measurements be taken?
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end of normal exhalation
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Should the measuring tape used for taking waist circumference be perpendicular to the floor?
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false - parallel
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Should the measureing tape used for taking waist circumference be pulled as tight as possible?
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no, it should not compress the skin
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The mean of two waist circumference measurements should not differ by more than
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1 cm
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What BMI is considered underweight?
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<18.5
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What BMI is considered normal?
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18.5-24.9
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What BMI is considered overweight?
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25-29.9
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What is the disease risk to men with BMI 25 - 29,9
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increased
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What is the disease risk to women with BMI 25-29.9
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high
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What are some disease risks from obesity?
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type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease
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What measurements are used in WHR?
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waist and hip
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where is hip circumference measured?
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largest circumference around the buttocks, above the gluteal fold (posterior extension)
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If a client has an normal BMI but increased waist circumference are they still at increased risk factor for obesity?
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Yes, do not have to have both
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Can people be misclassified as obese and why
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involved in heavy lifting
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What are the 3 the components of total daily energy expenditure
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physical activity, resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of food
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What are the public health guidelines recommended intensity and volume of physical activity necessary to promote health
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30 minutes mod aerobic pa on 5 or more days per week; or 20 min of vigorous aerobic pa 3 or more days per week
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What is the minimal increment of physical activity duration
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8-10 min
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it is important to accurately assess what4 factors of physical activity of an individual
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intensity, frequency, duration, and type
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Risk factor of sedentary lifestyele is that a person is not doing what
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participating in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on at least 3 days of the week for at least 3 months
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List 3 subjective assesment methods
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questionnairs, diaries, or logs
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The IPAQ uses a variable called metabolic equivalent (MET)·min·week-1 for making classifications, what is it
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multiplying the MET level for the type of activity by the number of minutes that activity was performed per day by the number of days per week the activity was performed
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a person who reported performing moderate-intensity activity for 30 minutes per day for 5 days of the week would have obtained ...
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600 MET· min·week-1 (4 METs × 30 minutes per day × 5 days per week)
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Objective assessment methods include assessment tools such as
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motion sensors, heart rate monitoring, and combination-type approaches
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The IPAQ category 2 (minimally active) is equivalent of
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≥5 days of moderate activity or walking of ≥30 min/day
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The IPAQ category 3 (active with health enhancing physical activity) is equivalent of
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7 days of any combination of walking or moderate or vigorous activity achieving a minimum of 3,000 MET • min • wk-1
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Classification of Physical Activity Behavior for Sedentary/inactive is
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No moderate or vigorous activity
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Classification of Physical Activity for Insufficiently active
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Some moderate or vigorous activity
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Classification of Physical Activity Behavior for Active is
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30 min of moderate activity ≥5 days per week and/or 20 min of vigorous activity 3 days per week or a combination of the two
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What are some other health-related issues that can easily be included in a screening
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pulmonary disease, osteoporosis
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What basic tests can be conducted for pulmonary disease at min. cost
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Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced air expiratory volume in 1 second
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What FEV1/FVC value is considered below normal limits
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70%
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The definitive test for diagnosing osteoporosis is a bone scan with a
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dual-energy x-ray absorptionmeter
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defined as the relative proportions of fat and fat-free tissue in the body
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body composition
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defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass, with accompanying decreases in strength
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Sarcopenia
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What Is the Gold Standard Test for body fat
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no method exists to accurately quantify the total amount of body fat in a living individual
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What method is used to assess body fat percentage
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hydrostatic (underwater weighing)
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some diagnostic procedures utilized what technologies to assess the change in amount of fat, bone, and muscle tissue related to different interventions, including exercise
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography scans
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What measurements are ordered for individuals as a diagnostic test for osteoporosis
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Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
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The DXA scan measures bone density. However, as the x-ray technology has improved, it can also assess the relative amounts of other body components such as
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fat and lean tissue
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The measurement of volume is used to determine density with the formula:
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Density = Mass / Volume
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Two widely used HRPF body composition assessment methods can be used to determine body volume
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underwater weighing and plethysmography
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What is the Siri equation to calculate Db?
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Body fat (%) = (495 / Db) - 450
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What is the Brozek equation to calculate Db?
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Body fat (%) = (457 / Db) - 414.2
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body mass can be differentiated on what two components?
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fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM)
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The underwater weighing method is based on Archimedes' principle that states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the
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displaced fluid
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The underwater weight is influenced by two amounts of air trapped in the body, what are they?
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residual lung volume and gas in the gastrointestinal (GI) system
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Common formulas used to estimate residual volume based on what 3 factors?
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gender, height (cm), and age
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What formula is used for calculating body volume with hydrostatic weighing?
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Body volume = ({[Body weight (g) - Underwater weight (g)] / Water density} - [Residual volume (mL) + 100 mL])
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A body plethysmograph can determine changes in
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volume (V) with measures of pressure (P) according to Boyle's Law (P1V1 = P2V2, if temperature is constant).
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Why do you have to wear a swim cap druing pletysmography?
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to control for temperature variations caused by hair on the head
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What is Anthropometry?
|
measurement of the human body, which includes measures of circumferences or girths, as well as skinfolds
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Skinfold measurements can be used to estimate
|
body fat percentage
|
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body fat percentage based on the assumption that the amount of subcutaneous fat in a particular skinfold is proportional to
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the total amount of overall body fat
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consistently obtaining accurate skinfold measurements requires what 3 things
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good caliper, training, and practice.
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True or False
Clients should be in a normally hydrated state prior to underwater weighing |
True
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True or False
Clients should eat within 3 hours of the underwater test? |
False, do not eat within 3 hours
|
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True or False
Clients should empty their bladder prior to underwater testing |
True
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True or False
clients should remove body oils and jewelry prior to underwater testing, but make-up is ok |
False, remove makeup also
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True or False
Clients should wear tight-fitting swim suit for underwater weighing |
True - to eliminate air trapping
|
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True or False
When underwater weighing, clients need to exhale as much air as possible and remain still |
True
|
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True or False
When doing underwater weighing, clients will need to perform the test up to 10 times |
True, 5 - 10 times
|
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When performing underwater testing, what measurement do you need first?
|
clients body weight
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What measurement besides clients body weight is needed prior to hydrostatic weighing?
|
water temperature
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If the clients body breaks the surface of the water (hydrostatic weighing) then
|
weigh down the chair
|
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For skinfold measurements, how far apart should the testers thumb and index finger be apart?
|
3"
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When doing skinfold measurements, if the tester isn't sure if they have grabbed muscle, what should they have the client do?
|
contract the muscle
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The two largest sources of error in skinfold measurements are:
|
variation in location site and application of the calipers
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Abdominal
|
Vertical fold; 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Triceps
|
Vertical fold; on the posterior midline of the upper arm, halfway between the acromion and olecranon processes, with the arm held freely to the side of the body
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Where is the skinfold location of the Biceps
|
Vertical fold; on the anterior aspect of the arm over the belly of the biceps muscle, 1 cm above the level used to mark the triceps site
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Chest/pectoral
|
Diagonal fold; one half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (men), or one third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (women)
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Medial calf
|
Vertical fold; at the maximum circumference of the calf on the midline of its medial border
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Midaxillary
|
Vertical fold; at the maximum circumference of the calf on the midline of its medial border
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Subscapular
|
Diagonal fold (at a 45-degree angle); 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Suprailiac
|
Diagonal fold; in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest
|
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Where is the skinfold location of the Thigh
|
Vertical fold; on the anterior midline of the thigh, midway between the proximal border of the patella and the inguinal crease (hip)
|
|
What side of the body should tester be standing when doing skinfold measurements?
|
right
|