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210 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Health-related physical fitness
ability to carry out daily tasks without undue fatigue and to enjoy leisure-time pursuits
Sort-Related Physical Fitness
agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time that are important for what is called sport- or skill-related physical fitness.
physical activity
any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over resting energy expenditure
Physical fitness
capability of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and muscles to perform at optimal efficiency
Cardiorespiratory endurance
ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity
Body composition
relative amount or percentage of different types of body tissue (bone, fat, muscle) that are related to health
Muscular strength
ability of a muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue, or to maintain a specific percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time
muscular fitness
muscular strength and muscular endurance can be combined into one component
Flexibility
ability to move a joint through its complete range of movement
dose-response relationship
minimal dose of physical activity and/or exercise that is required to produce health benefits
reasons for assessing HRPF
Educating participants about their present health-related fitness status; helpful in the development of exercise prescriptions to address all fitness components; Motivating participants by establishing reasonable and attainable fitness goals; Stratifying cardiovascular risk
Benefits of Regular PA and Improvement in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function
Improvement in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function; Reduction in Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors; Decreased Mortality and Morbidity
Fundamental Principles of Assessment
Specific Objective
The Gold Standard (true measure)
Equipment Calibration
Standardization
Interpretation Issues
Error of Measurement
as ±1 standard deviation from the mean
Criterion-referenced standards
“excellent” or “poor” in classifying test results
normative standards
client's performance and the performance of similar individuals such as 90th, 50th,
first step in the process of HRPF assessment
informed consent
essential steps in executing the informed consent are
Explaining the purpose Describing the procedure used
Describ risks and discomforts
Describing the benefits Describing alternatives (if any)
Describ responsibilities of the client
Encouraging client to ask questions at any time
Explaining how data will be handled (confidentiality)
withdraw consent at any time
examples of some common HRPF assessments
Anthropometry or body composition
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Flexibility
Muscular fitness
the 2nd step in the process of HRPF assessment
Preassessment screening
Preassessment screening is
gathering a client's demographic and health-related information, along with some health risk/medical assessments
reasons why clients should be screened prior to participation in an HRPF assessment program
To identify medical contraindication (exclusion)
To identify those who should receive a physician evaluation prior to performing specific HRPF assessments
only perform HRPF assessments administered by professionals with clinical experience (and possibly in a clinical facility with physician availability)
other health risk/medical concerns
Risk Stratification
help determine the appropriate course of action regarding fitness assessments involving exercise testing
Contraindications for Exercise Testing
Absolute
change in resting ECG
Unstable angina
Uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmias
Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
Uncontrolled symptomatic heart failure
Acute pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction
Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
Suspected or known dissecting aneurysm
Acute systemic infection, accompanied by fever, body aches, or swollen lymph glands
Contraindications for Exercise Testing
Relativea
Left main coronary stenosis
Moderate stenotic valvular heart disease
Electrolyte abnormalities (e.g., hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia)
Severe arterial hypertension (i.e., systolic BP of >200 mmHg and/or a diastolic BP of >110 mmHg) at rest
Tachydysrhythmia or bradydysrhythmia
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other forms of outflow tract obstruction
Neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, or rheumatoid disorders that are exacerbated by exercise
High-degree atrioventricular block
Ventricular aneurysm
Uncontrolled metabolic disease (e.g., diabetes, thyrotoxicosis, or myxedema)
Chronic infectious disease (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis, AIDS)
Mental or physical impairment leading to inability to exercise adequately
Most of the pertinent health risks and medical information about a client can be obtained from a
health history questionnaire (HHQ)
Low Risk -
ACSM Risk Stratification Categories for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Asymptomatic men and women who have ≤1 CVD risk factor
Moderate risk - ACSM Risk Stratification Categories for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Asymptomatic men and women who have ≥2 risk factors from
High risk - ACSM Risk Stratification Categories for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Individuals who have known cardiovascular,a pulmonary, or metabolicc disease or ≥ signs and symptoms
What is Risk Stratification when no medical exam or GXT before mid or vig exercise is not necessary
low risk
what risk stratification when medical exam and GXT not necessary for mod exercise but recommended for vigerous
moderate risk
what risk stratification when medical exam and GXT for mod and vig exercise is recommended
high risk
when is MD supervision of exercise test for submax and max not necessary
low risk
when is MD supervision of exercise test for submax is not necessary byt recomended for max
moderate risk
when is MD supervision of submax and max exercise tests recommended
high risk
define the VO2 max of mod exercise
40 - 60%
define the VO2 max of vig exercise
>60%
when MD supervision of exer testing is rec, the MD should be
readily available
HHQ should assess a client's
CAD risk factors
Past history
history of chronic diseases
surgeries and hospitalizations
musculoskeletal injuries
health behaviors/habits (physical activity, dietary patterns, weight loss)
Current use of any medications
contraindications for exercise
risks of exercise outweigh any potential benefit
True or False
The fitness professional should instruct a client to stop taking or change the timing of his or her medication prior to any HRPF assessment
FALSE
Preassessment screening includes what 3 parts
informed consent
rist stratification
medical eval is needed prior
Blood pressure (BP) is
force of blood against the walls of the arteries and veins created by the heart as it pumps blood to every part of the body
arterial BP is measured and expressed in units of
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
The two phases of BP are
systolic and diastolic
The systolic BP is
maximum pressure in the arteries during the contraction (systole) phase of the heart
Diastolic BP is
minimum pressure in the arteries during the relaxation (diastole) phase of the heart
The direct measure of BP requires
catheter in an artery followed by the insertion of a pressure transducer into the catheter
Resting BP is typically assessed by
indirect method termed auscultation
Korotkoff
sounds heard through the stethoscope during the BP measurement come from the turbulence of blood in the artery, which is caused by blood moving from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
This air pressure inside the BP cuff occludes the blood flow within what artery
brachial
As long as the pressure in the cuff is higher than the systolic BP, the artery remains
occluded or collapsed and no sound is heard
The first sound will heard in the stethoscope corresponds to the measure of what?
systolic BP
As the pressure in the cuff drops, it gets to a point where the cuff is no longer occluding the artery and all sounds will disappear. The pressure reading at the last sound heard is the
diastolic BP
The first, initial sound or the onset of sound. Sounds like What phase of Korotkoff sounds clear, repetitive tapping. The sound may be faint at first and gradually increase in intensity or volume
phase 1
What phase of Korotkoff sounds like a soft tapping or murmur. The sounds are often longer than the phase 1 sounds. These sounds have also been described as having a swishing component.
phase 2
What phase of Korotkoff sounds like a loud tapping sound; high in both pitch and intensity.
phase 3
What phase of Korotkoff sounds like a muffling of the sound
phase 4
What phase of Korotkoff sounds like the complete disappearance of sound
phase 5
BP measurement using the ausculatory method requires what 3 (measuring equipment)
stethoscope
manometer
spygmomanometer
a sphygmomanometer cuff that is too small will typically
result in what kind of reading
underestimation of BP
What is the oscillatory method for measuring BP?
uses a cuff that fills with a fluid, instead of air
True or False
The aneroid manometer should be checked daily for accuracy against the standard mercury manometer.
True
What is a person with white coat syndrome aftraid of?
Being in a doctors office
How many minutes should a patient be seated prior to taking resting BP?
5 minutes
Align Sphygonometer cuff with what?
Brachial artery
How much of the cuff should encircle the arm
80%
How high do you inflate the cuff
20 mmHg above first Korotkoff sound
what rate do you release pressure
2 - 5 mmHg per second
Systolic BP is the point at which
the first of two or more Korotkoff sounds is heard
diastolic BP is the point before
the disappearance of Korotkoff sounds
How many measurements should be made and how often
2 measurements at a minimum o 1 minute apart
What 2 things do you tell the patient
BP numbers and goals
Where is the brachial artery located
medial to the biceps tendon
How should the stethoscope earpeices be facing
forward
how do you round
even numbers and round up to nearest 2 mmHg
what is normal SBP mmHg?
<120
What is normal DBP mmHg?
And <80
Pryhypertenions SBP mmHg?
120-139
Prehypertension DBP mmHg?
Or 80-89
If SBP or DBP are in Prehypertension classification what is the recomendation?
lifestyle modification but no antihypertensive drug indicated unless compelling indication
Stage 1 Hypertension SBP mmHg
140-159
Stage 1 Hypertension DBP
Or 90-99
If SBP or DBP are in stage 1 Hypertension classification what is the recomendation?
lifestyle modification and antihypertensive drugs
Stage 2 hypertension SBP mmHg
greater than or equal to 160
Stage 2 hypertension DBP mmHg
or greater than or equal to 100
If SBP or DBP are in stage 2 Hypertension classification what is the recomendation?
lifestyle recomendation and two-drug antihypertensive combination
A blood test can determine the presence of what two coronary disease risk factors?
hypercholesterolemia and prediabetes
What are bloodborne pathogens?
microorganisms in the blood or other body fluids that can cause illness and disease in people
The National Cholesterol Education Program has standardized the interpretation of results of cholesterol, including
high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density protein (LDL) and triglycerides.
The risk factor criteria for fasting blood glucose(prediabetes) are values from
100–125 mg · dL-1
Normal values for fasting blood glucose are
<100 mg · dL-1
Values for diagnostic for diabetes in fasting blood glucose are
≥126 mg · dL-1
True or False
Blood pressure measures that are elevated should be confirmed with at lease one other test
True
True or False
Elevated blood glucose measurements should be measured once.
False
Define Obesity
excessive amount of body fat
How is obesity determined
body weight compared to height and also girth of abdominal region
What is optimal LDL?
<100
What is near optimal/above optimal LDL?
100-129
What is borderline high LDL?
130-159
What is High LDL?
160-189
What is very high LDL?
> or = 190
What is desirable total cholesterol
<200
What is borderline high total cholesterol?
200-239
What is high total cholesterol?
> or = 240
What is low HDL cholesterol?
<40
What is high cholesterol?
> or = 60
What are normal triglycerides?
<150
What are borderline high triglycerides
150-199
What are high triglycerides?
200-499
what are very high triglycerides?
> or = 500
How do you convert LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol from mg · dL-1 to mmol · L-1
multiply by 0.0259
How do you convert triglycerides from mg · dL-1 to mmol · L-1
multiply by 0.0113
What do you use to measure height?
stadiometer
True or False
when measuring height, the client can keep on their shoes
false
True or False
when measuring height, clients heels should be not be touching together
false
True or False
when using stadiometer, the heels, midbody and upper body parts should be touching the wall
true
True or False
when measuring height, client should hold their breath and look straight ahead
true
True or False
when measuring height, the horizontal headboard should be lowered to touch the top of the head
true
When using balance beam scale for measuring weight, it is important to do what on a regular basis
calibrate to zero
When is the best time to measure weight?
morning prior to eating or drinking
BMI is also called the ______ index
Quetelet
What does BMI assess
obesity risk factor
What two values does BMI compare
weight in kg to height in meters squared
What do you do to converting pounds to kg
divide the pounds by 2.2046
How do you convert inches to cm?
multiply by 2.54
How do you convert cm to m?
divide by 100
How do you square meters?
multiply the meter measure by itself
how do you calculate BMI
convert lbs to kg (div by 2.2046); multiply inches by 2.54; divide cm by 100 to get m; square that number; divide kg by m squared
What is a second indicator of obesity other than BMI?
waist circumference
Where do you take the waist circumference?
above umbilicus and below xiphoid process
What side of the client do you stand on?
right side
Should waist measurements be taken over clothes?
no - bare skin
When should waist measurements be taken?
end of normal exhalation
Should the measuring tape used for taking waist circumference be perpendicular to the floor?
false - parallel
Should the measureing tape used for taking waist circumference be pulled as tight as possible?
no, it should not compress the skin
The mean of two waist circumference measurements should not differ by more than
1 cm
What BMI is considered underweight?
<18.5
What BMI is considered normal?
18.5-24.9
What BMI is considered overweight?
25-29.9
What is the disease risk to men with BMI 25 - 29,9
increased
What is the disease risk to women with BMI 25-29.9
high
What are some disease risks from obesity?
type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease
What measurements are used in WHR?
waist and hip
where is hip circumference measured?
largest circumference around the buttocks, above the gluteal fold (posterior extension)
If a client has an normal BMI but increased waist circumference are they still at increased risk factor for obesity?
Yes, do not have to have both
Can people be misclassified as obese and why
involved in heavy lifting
What are the 3 the components of total daily energy expenditure
physical activity, resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of food
What are the public health guidelines recommended intensity and volume of physical activity necessary to promote health
30 minutes mod aerobic pa on 5 or more days per week; or 20 min of vigorous aerobic pa 3 or more days per week
What is the minimal increment of physical activity duration
8-10 min
it is important to accurately assess what4 factors of physical activity of an individual
intensity, frequency, duration, and type
Risk factor of sedentary lifestyele is that a person is not doing what
participating in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on at least 3 days of the week for at least 3 months
List 3 subjective assesment methods
questionnairs, diaries, or logs
The IPAQ uses a variable called metabolic equivalent (MET)·min·week-1 for making classifications, what is it
multiplying the MET level for the type of activity by the number of minutes that activity was performed per day by the number of days per week the activity was performed
a person who reported performing moderate-intensity activity for 30 minutes per day for 5 days of the week would have obtained ...
600 MET· min·week-1 (4 METs × 30 minutes per day × 5 days per week)
Objective assessment methods include assessment tools such as
motion sensors, heart rate monitoring, and combination-type approaches
The IPAQ category 2 (minimally active) is equivalent of
≥5 days of moderate activity or walking of ≥30 min/day
The IPAQ category 3 (active with health enhancing physical activity) is equivalent of
7 days of any combination of walking or moderate or vigorous activity achieving a minimum of 3,000 MET • min • wk-1
Classification of Physical Activity Behavior for Sedentary/inactive is
No moderate or vigorous activity
Classification of Physical Activity for Insufficiently active
Some moderate or vigorous activity
Classification of Physical Activity Behavior for Active is
30 min of moderate activity ≥5 days per week and/or 20 min of vigorous activity 3 days per week or a combination of the two
What are some other health-related issues that can easily be included in a screening
pulmonary disease, osteoporosis
What basic tests can be conducted for pulmonary disease at min. cost
Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced air expiratory volume in 1 second
What FEV1/FVC value is considered below normal limits
70%
The definitive test for diagnosing osteoporosis is a bone scan with a
dual-energy x-ray absorptionmeter
defined as the relative proportions of fat and fat-free tissue in the body
body composition
defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass, with accompanying decreases in strength
Sarcopenia
What Is the Gold Standard Test for body fat
no method exists to accurately quantify the total amount of body fat in a living individual
What method is used to assess body fat percentage
hydrostatic (underwater weighing)
some diagnostic procedures utilized what technologies to assess the change in amount of fat, bone, and muscle tissue related to different interventions, including exercise
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and CT (computed tomography scans
What measurements are ordered for individuals as a diagnostic test for osteoporosis
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
The DXA scan measures bone density. However, as the x-ray technology has improved, it can also assess the relative amounts of other body components such as
fat and lean tissue
The measurement of volume is used to determine density with the formula:
Density = Mass / Volume
Two widely used HRPF body composition assessment methods can be used to determine body volume
underwater weighing and plethysmography
What is the Siri equation to calculate Db?
Body fat (%) = (495 / Db) - 450
What is the Brozek equation to calculate Db?
Body fat (%) = (457 / Db) - 414.2
body mass can be differentiated on what two components?
fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM)
The underwater weighing method is based on Archimedes' principle that states that a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the
displaced fluid
The underwater weight is influenced by two amounts of air trapped in the body, what are they?
residual lung volume and gas in the gastrointestinal (GI) system
Common formulas used to estimate residual volume based on what 3 factors?
gender, height (cm), and age
What formula is used for calculating body volume with hydrostatic weighing?
Body volume = ({[Body weight (g) - Underwater weight (g)] / Water density} - [Residual volume (mL) + 100 mL])
A body plethysmograph can determine changes in
volume (V) with measures of pressure (P) according to Boyle's Law (P1V1 = P2V2, if temperature is constant).
Why do you have to wear a swim cap druing pletysmography?
to control for temperature variations caused by hair on the head
What is Anthropometry?
measurement of the human body, which includes measures of circumferences or girths, as well as skinfolds
Skinfold measurements can be used to estimate
body fat percentage
body fat percentage based on the assumption that the amount of subcutaneous fat in a particular skinfold is proportional to
the total amount of overall body fat
consistently obtaining accurate skinfold measurements requires what 3 things
good caliper, training, and practice.
True or False
Clients should be in a normally hydrated state prior to underwater weighing
True
True or False
Clients should eat within 3 hours of the underwater test?
False, do not eat within 3 hours
True or False
Clients should empty their bladder prior to underwater testing
True
True or False
clients should remove body oils and jewelry prior to underwater testing, but make-up is ok
False, remove makeup also
True or False
Clients should wear tight-fitting swim suit for underwater weighing
True - to eliminate air trapping
True or False
When underwater weighing, clients need to exhale as much air as possible and remain still
True
True or False
When doing underwater weighing, clients will need to perform the test up to 10 times
True, 5 - 10 times
When performing underwater testing, what measurement do you need first?
clients body weight
What measurement besides clients body weight is needed prior to hydrostatic weighing?
water temperature
If the clients body breaks the surface of the water (hydrostatic weighing) then
weigh down the chair
For skinfold measurements, how far apart should the testers thumb and index finger be apart?
3"
When doing skinfold measurements, if the tester isn't sure if they have grabbed muscle, what should they have the client do?
contract the muscle
The two largest sources of error in skinfold measurements are:
variation in location site and application of the calipers
Where is the skinfold location of the Abdominal
Vertical fold; 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus
Where is the skinfold location of the Triceps
Vertical fold; on the posterior midline of the upper arm, halfway between the acromion and olecranon processes, with the arm held freely to the side of the body
Where is the skinfold location of the Biceps
Vertical fold; on the anterior aspect of the arm over the belly of the biceps muscle, 1 cm above the level used to mark the triceps site
Where is the skinfold location of the Chest/pectoral
Diagonal fold; one half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (men), or one third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and the nipple (women)
Where is the skinfold location of the Medial calf
Vertical fold; at the maximum circumference of the calf on the midline of its medial border
Where is the skinfold location of the Midaxillary
Vertical fold; at the maximum circumference of the calf on the midline of its medial border
Where is the skinfold location of the Subscapular
Diagonal fold (at a 45-degree angle); 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the scapula
Where is the skinfold location of the Suprailiac
Diagonal fold; in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest
Where is the skinfold location of the Thigh
Vertical fold; on the anterior midline of the thigh, midway between the proximal border of the patella and the inguinal crease (hip)
What side of the body should tester be standing when doing skinfold measurements?
right