Acsm Anatomy

Front 1

the body organized into anatomical systems ie skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems

Back 1

systematic anatomy

Front 2

the field of study concerned with physics related to energy and force as it applies to the human body

Back 2

biomechanics

Front 3

nearest body center or reference point

Back 3

proximal

Front 4

away from body center or reference point

Back 4

distal

Front 5

above or toward the head

Back 5

superior (cranial)

Front 6

lower than, toward the feet

Back 6

inferior (caudal)

Front 7

toward the front

Back 7

anterior (ventral)

Front 8

toward the back

Back 8

posterior (dorsal)

Front 9

closer to the midline

Back 9

medial

Front 10

away from the midline

Back 10

lateral

Front 11

three cardinal planes of the body

Back 11

sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes

Front 12

the body divided into left and right

Back 12

sagittal

Front 13

the body divided into anterior and posterior

Back 13

frontal

Front 14

the body divided into upper (superior) and lower (inferior)

Back 14

transverse

Front 15

the three axes of the body

Back 15

mediolateral, anteroposterior, and longitudinal axes

Front 16

lies perpendicular to the sagittal plane

Back 16

mediolateral

Front 17

lies perpendicular to the frontal plane

Back 17

anteroposterior

Front 18

lies perpendicular to the transverse plane

Back 18

longitudinal

Front 19

movement that decreases the joint angle (saggital plane, mediolateral axis)

Back 19

flexion

Front 20

movement that increases the joint angle (saggital plane, mediolateral axis)

Back 20

extension

Front 21

movement toward the midline of the body (frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)

Back 21

adduction

Front 22

movement away from the midline of the body (frontal plane, anteroposterior axis)

Back 22

abduction

Front 23

movement either toward the midline or away from midline (transverse plane, longitudinal axis)

Back 23

rotation

Front 24

a combo of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. describes a cone.

Back 24

circumduction

Front 25

rotational mvmt at radioulnar joint that results in palm facing down (transverse, longitudinal)

Back 25

pronation

Front 26

rotational mvmt at radioulnar joint that results in palm facing up (transverse, longitudinal)

Back 26

supination

Front 27

extension at the ankle joint

Back 27

plantarflexion

Front 28

flexion at the ankle joint

Back 28

dorsiflexion

Front 29

turning the sole of foot away from the midline

Back 29

eversion

Front 30

turning the sole of the foot toward the midline

Back 30

inversion

Front 31

includes the bones of the skull, vertabral column, ribs and sternum. supports and protects organs and provides surface area for muscle attachment

Back 31

axial skeleton

Front 32

most significant bone of the skull, orienting landmark for palpatating the carotid artery to assess pulse

Back 32

mandible

Front 33

also called the vertabral column and serves as main axial support for the body.

Back 33

spine

Front 34

Spine has 33 vertabrae including...

Back 34

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal

Front 35

round, flat, platelike structures composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue

Back 35

invertabral discs

Front 36

the outer fibrocartilaginous portion of the disk

Back 36

annulus fibrosus

Front 37

inner gelatinous portion of the disk

Back 37

nucleus pulposus

Front 38

the invertabral disks serve to...

Back 38

absorb shock and bear weight

Front 39

the curves of the thoracic and sacral regions. the curve is posterioraly directed. these are primary curves (devolop when fetus)

Back 39

kyphosis

Front 40

the curves of the cervical and lumbar regions. anterioraly directed. these are secondary curves. (develop after fetus)

Back 40

lordosis

Front 41

commonly found abnormal curves in the saggital plane

Back 41

hyperkyphosis, hyperlordosis (exaggerated curvatures)

Front 42

commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane

Back 42

scoliosis (lateral deviation in frontal plane)

Front 43

the body has 12 ribs which interact with the sternum including

Back 43

7 that do and 5 that do not articulate with the sternum

Front 44

ribs 8, 9, and 10

Back 44

articulate with the costal cartilage of the adjacent superior rib

Front 45

ribs 11 and 12 are

Back 45

free from articulation

Front 46

spaces between the ribs

Back 46

intercostal spaces

Front 47

palpitation of the intercostal spaces is important for

Back 47

ECG electrode placement

Front 48

lies in the midline of the chest and has 3 parts

Back 48

sternum (manubrium, body, and xiphoid process)

Front 49

a slightly raised surface landmark where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum

Back 49

sternal angle

Front 50

a surface landmark at bottom of sternum in middle of ribcage, palpitation is neccesary for cpr.

Back 50

xiphoid process

Front 51

helps to determine proper paddle placement in defibrillation

Back 51

palpitaion of the manubrium

Front 52

includes the bones of the arms and the legs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

Back 52

appendicular skeleton

Front 53

articulate with the sternal manubrium proximally and the scapulae distally and are superior to the first rib. palpitation helps to determine placement for ECG and difibrillation

Back 53

clavicle

Front 54

situated on the posterior of the body in the region of the first 7 ribs

Back 54

scapulae

Front 55

two important scapulae landmarks

Back 55

inferior angle (skinfold site) and acromion process (shoulder breadth measurement)

Front 56

part of upper arm that articulates with glenoid fossa, ulna, and radius

Back 56

humerus

Front 57

most easily palpable parts of the humerus. are located for elbow width measurement.

Back 57

medial and lateral epicondyles

Front 58

2 main bones of the forearm

Back 58

ulna, radius

Front 59

most prominent bony landmark of forearm

Back 59

olecranon process

Front 60

processes at the ends of the forearm which help to asssess the radial pulse.

Back 60

radial styloid and ulnar styloid processes

Front 61

comprises the bones of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg and foot

Back 61

appendicular skeleton

Front 62

formed by the hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, and coccyx)

Back 62

pelvic girdle

Front 63

superior illiac crest and anterior illiac spine are easily palpated and serve as

Back 63

skinfold measurements

Front 64

formed by the femur and its most palpable landmark is the greater trochater on proximal lateral side

Back 64

thigh

Front 65

serves as a landmark for finding the thigh skinfold and is anterior to the knee joint

Back 65

patella

Front 66

an osseous tissue that supports connective tissue and is composed of calcium salts. relatively resistant to forces.

Back 66

bones

Front 67

bones are covered by this. isolates from tissues and provides for circulatory and nervous supply

Back 67

periosteum

Front 68

cortical and dense bones

Back 68

compact bones

Front 69

trabecular and spongy bones

Back 69

cancellous bones

Front 70

functions of bones include

Back 70

support/protection, levers, storage for calcium salts, produce red blood cells

Front 71

found in appendicular skeleton and consist of diaphysis with an ephysis at each end

Back 71

long bones

Front 72

consist of compact bone with a surrounding layer of cancellous bone and medullary cavity filled with yellow bone marrow

Back 72

diaphysis

Front 73

cancellous bone surrouned by a layer of compact bone and filled with red bone marrow

Back 73

epiphysis

Front 74

production of red and white blood cells and platelets which occur within red bone marrow

Back 74

hematopoiesis

Front 75

epiphyses are covered with ____ which facilitates joint mvmt

Back 75

articular cartilage

Front 76

junction between the epiphysis and the diaphysis, where long bone growth occurs

Back 76

epiphyseal plate

Front 77

cuboidal shape and covered with surfaces that interface with joints (ie wrist and ankle)

Back 77

short bones

Front 78

thin and broad shape (ie skull ribs and scapulae)

Back 78

flat bones

Front 79

mixed shapes (ie vertabrae)

Back 79

irregular bones

Front 80

not generally exposed outside of the body

Back 80

connective tissues

Front 81

basic components of connective tissues

Back 81

special cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

Front 82

functions of connective tissues

Back 82

support/protection, transport materials, energy reserves, regulatory functions

Front 83

wherever two bones meet

Back 83

joints

Front 84

3 structural classes of joints

Back 84

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Front 85

3 functional classes of joints

Back 85

immovable joints, slightly movable, and freely movable

Front 86

main types of joints are

Back 86

synovial joints

Front 87

type of joint ie (hip shoulder). circumduction, rotation, and angular

Back 87

ball and socket

Front 88

type of joint ie (wrist) circum, abd, add, flexion and extension

Back 88

condyloid

Front 89

type of joint ie (ankle) inversion and eversion

Back 89

gliding

Front 90

type of joint ie (knee, elbow) flexion and extension in one plane

Back 90

hinge

Front 91

type of joint (atlas,axis) rotates around central axis

Back 91

pivot

Front 92

type of joint ie (thumb) flex, exten, abd, add, circum, and opposition

Back 92

saddle

Front 93

boney surfaces of joint are covered by ___ and surround the joint is ____

Back 93

articular cartilage and fibrous joint capsule

Front 94

join bone to bone

Back 94

ligaments

Front 95

synovial membranes line the

Back 95

joint cavity

Front 96

provides lubrication to the joint

Back 96

synovial fluid

Front 97

reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

Back 97

bursae

Front 98

joint mvmts including extension, flexion, hyperextension, abd, and add

Back 98

angular mvmts

Front 99

joint mvmts including rotation and circumduction (rounded joints)

Back 99

circular mvmts

Front 100

joint mvmts including inversion, eversion, protration, retraction, elevation and depression

Back 100

special mvmts

Front 101

inner surfaces of the joint cavity are lined with

Back 101

synovial membranes

Front 102

provides lubrication to the joint

Back 102

synovial fluid

Front 103

some synovial joints contain ___ such as the knee

Back 103

fibrocartilaginous disks

Front 104

reduce friction and act as shock absorbers

Back 104

bursae

Front 105

decrease or increase of the joint angle; include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, and adduction

Back 105

angular mvmts

Front 106

occur at joints with rounded surfaces; include rotation, supination, pronation, and circumduction

Back 106

circular mvmts

Front 107

include inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression

Back 107

special mvmts

Front 108

the outer layer that seperates the muscle from surrounding tissues and organs; converges to form tendons which attach muscle to bone

Back 108

epimysium

Front 109

the central layer thaht divides muscles into fascicles that contain muscle fibers

Back 109

perimysium

Front 110

the inner layer that surrounds each muscle fiber

Back 110

endomysium

Front 111

controls each skeletal muscle fiber

Back 111

motor neuron

Front 112

a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it inervates comprise a ___

Back 112

motor unit

Front 113

communication between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber occurs at

Back 113

neuromuscular junction

Front 114

each axon of the motor neuron ends at a synaptic knob containing the neurotransmitter

Back 114

acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 115

seperates the synaptic knob from the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle fiber

Back 115

synaptic cleft

Front 116

contains chemically gated sodium channels and membrane receptors that bind ACh.

Back 116

sarcollema

Front 117

cytoplasm of the muscle cell

Back 117

sarcoplasm

Front 118

extensions of the sarcolemma form a network called

Back 118

transverse of t-tubules

Front 119

the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium in special sacs called

Back 119

terminal cisternae

Front 120

myofibrals contain myofilaments which consist of the proteins

Back 120

actin and myosin

Front 121

myofilaments are organized into units called

Back 121

sarcomeres

Front 122

actin and myosin from ___ and slide and shorten sarcomeres

Back 122

crossbridges

Front 123

covers the actin bridging site during resting and is attached to troponin

Back 123

tropomyosin

Front 124

regulate bridging of acting and myosin for muscle contraction and relaxation

Back 124

tropomyosin and troponin

Front 125

each muscle begins at ____ ends at ____ and contracts to produce an action

Back 125

origin, insertion

Front 126

is responsible for producing a particular mvmt

Back 126

prime mover or agonist

Front 127

a prime mover that opposes the agonist

Back 127

antagonist

Front 128

assists the prime mover but is not the primary muscle responsible for the action

Back 128

synergist

Front 129

in the upper body ____, _____, ____, and _____ are important to exercise testing

Back 129

sternoclediomastoid, pec major, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii

Front 130

in the lower body ____, ____, and _____ are important to exercise testing

Back 130

glute max, quad femoris, and gastrocnemius

Front 131

a natural diagonal crease in the skin formed where thigh meets the pelvic girdle (important to exercise testing)

Back 131

inguinal crease

Front 132

lie superior to the ventricles

Back 132

atria

Front 133

marks the border between the atria and ventricles

Back 133

coronary sulcus

Front 134

the atria have thin muscular walls and when not filled with blood they are called

Back 134

auricles

Front 135

have thicker muscular walls then atria

Back 135

ventricles

Front 136

marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles

Back 136

interventrical sulcus

Front 137

lies inferiorly to the tip of the heart

Back 137

apex

Front 138

receives blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae

Back 138

right atrium

Front 139

return venous blood from thhe myocardium to the coronary sinus which opens the right atrium

Back 139

coronary veins

Front 140

communicates with the ventricle on the same side by way of an AV valve

Back 140

atrium

Front 141

right AV valve

Back 141

tricuspid valve

Front 142

left AV valve

Back 142

bicuspid (mitral) valve

Front 143

each cusp is braced by chordae tendinae which are connected to

Back 143

papillary muscles

Front 144

unoxygenated blood leaves right ventricle and flows thhrough the right pulmonic valve and into the

Back 144

pulmonary artery

Front 145

oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle flows through the aortic valve and to the

Back 145

aorta

Front 146

blood flows from the heart in this order

Back 146

superior and inferior vanae cavity, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, and lungs

Front 147

blood flows from the lungs in this order

Back 147

left pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, ascending aorta, and systematic circulation

Front 148

muscular walled vessels tat carry blood from the heart and become arterioles then connect to capillaries

Back 148

arteries

Front 149

vesells composed of one cell layer that exchanges nutrients and waste between blood and tissues

Back 149

capillaries

Front 150

vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Back 150

veins

Front 151

small veins that carry blood from capillaries to medium sized veins

Back 151

venules

Front 152

large veins include 2

Back 152

venae cavae

Front 153

the heart circulates oxygenated blood from

Back 153

arteries to arterioles to capillaries

Front 154

deoxygenated blood circulates from

Back 154

capillaries to venules then veins which return blood to the heart

Front 155

consists of the nose and paranasal sinuses, the pharynx and the larynx

Back 155

upper respiratory tract

Front 156

consists of the trachea and the lungs including the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Back 156

lower respiratory tract

Front 157

organs of respiration where oxygenation of blood occurs. they occupy the pleural cavities and are covered by pleural membrane

Back 157

lungs

Front 158

has three distinct lobes: superior, middle, and inferior

Back 158

right lung

Front 159

has two lobes: superior and inferior

Back 159

left lung

Front 160

extends into the base of the neck above the first rib

Back 160

apex of each lung

Front 161

rests on the diaphraghm (a respiratory muscle that separates the thoracic from abdomopelvic cavities)

Back 161

base of each lung

Front 162

air enters the respiratory system through ___ and proceeds through ____ and ______

Back 162

nares, nasal cavity, and sinuses

Front 163

air is warmed, filtered, and moistened before entering the ______ at internal nares

Back 163

nasopharynx

Front 164

line the nasal cavity and function to sweep mucus and to trap microorganisms

Back 164

cilia

Front 165

extends between the internal nares and entrances to the larynx and esophagus; shared by digestive and respiratory systems

Back 165

pharynx

Front 166

air leaving the pharynx passes through an opening in the larynx called the

Back 166

glottis

Front 167

from the larynx, incoming air enters the ____ which extends from the larynx to the lungs

Back 167

trachea

Front 168

these parts of the trachea serve to protect and maintain open airway, prevent overexpansion of respiratory system, and allow food masses to pass along the esophagus

Back 168

c-shaped cartilages

Front 169

air enters the lungs via the ______ _____ which consists of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Back 169

tracheobronchial tree

Front 170

the trachea branches to form the right and left

Back 170

primary bronchi

Front 171

each primary bronchus enters a lung and branches into

Back 171

secondary bronchi

Front 172

further branching of bronchus turns into small units called

Back 172

bronchioles

Front 173

the smallest branches of bronchi which supply air to the lobules of the lung

Back 173

terminal bronchioles

Front 174

the lobules consist of these where actual gas exchange occurs; they are one cell layer thick and have an abundance of capillaries on the outer surface

Back 174

alveolar ducts and alveoli

Front 175

a measurement of heart rate that can be palpatated on and large of medium sized artery by using the fingertip to compress vessel and sense the pulse

Back 175

pulse

Front 176

runs along the trachea and can be palpatated inferior to the mandible and lateral to the larynx in the groove between the trachea and sternocleidomastoid muscle

Back 176

carotid artery

Front 177

runs along the medial upper arm between biceps and triceps just distal of elbow joint and can be palpatated in the groove between triceps and biceps

Back 177

brachial artery

Front 178

divides the brachial artery and continues distally along the forearm on the radial (thumb side) and is palpable at the distal lateral wrist superior to the thumb

Back 178

radial artery

Front 179

reflects hemodynamic factors, is an indirect measurement of pressure inside an artery caused by force exerted against the vessel wall, is usually measured over the brachial artery using a stethoscope

Back 179

blood pressure assessment

Front 180

a common method of estimating body fat percentage because of the assumed relationship between subcutaneous fat and total body fat

Back 180

skinfold measurements

Front 181

skinfold msmt site- diagonal fold between anterior axillary line and the nipple in men or a third of this distance for women

Back 181

chest/pectoral

Front 182

skinfold msmt- vertical fold on the midaxillary above the xiphoid process

Back 182

midaxillary

Front 183

skinfold msmt- vertical fold 2 cm to right of umbilicus

Back 183

abdominal

Front 184

skinfold msmt- diagonal fold on anterior axillary line superior to illiac crest

Back 184

suprailiac

Front 185

skinfold msmt- diagonal fold, 1 to 2 cm inferior to the scapula

Back 185

subscapular

Front 186

skinfold msmt- vertical fold on posterior midline of upper arm midway between acromion and olecranon processes

Back 186

triceps

Front 187

skinfold msmt- vertical fold on anterior arm over the belly of the muscle 1 cm above the triceps site

Back 187

biceps

Front 188

skinfold msmt- vertical fold on the anterior midline of the thigh midway between the inguinal crease and superior patellar border

Back 188

thigh

Front 189

skinfold msmt- vertical fold at the midline of the medial border of the calf at the greatest circumference

Back 189

calf

Front 190

assess the circumferential dimensions of body parts; provide indication of growth, nutrition, and fat patterning; determined using a tape measure

Back 190

body circumference or girth measurements

Front 191

provide info for determining frame size and body type; can be used to estimate desirable weight; are measured using calipers or an anthropometer

Back 191

body width measurements

Front 192

chest compressions are done with the hand on the sternal body at the xiphoid; middle finger is placed on the xiphoid notch with index next to it; the heel of the opposite hand is placed superior to the index finger

Back 192

CPR

Front 193

the upper electrode is placed just inferior to the clavicle and to the right of the sternum; the lower electrode is located at the midaxillary line just lateral to the left nipple

Back 193

defibrillation

Front 194

the study of forces and torques affecting movement and the description of the resulting mvmt

Back 194

biomechanics

Front 195

a push or pull that either produces or can produce a chance in the motion of a body

Back 195

force

Front 196

the sum of multiple forces on the body which determines the resulting change in motion

Back 196

net force

Front 197

the relation between force, torques, and mvmts were described by

Back 197

Sir Issac Newton

Front 198

states that the body will maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted on by an external force

Back 198

law of inertia

Front 199

states that mvmt of a body resulting from an applied force will be proportional to the magnitude of the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the body a= f/m

Back 199

law of acceleration

Front 200

states that when 2 bodies interact, the force from the first to the second body is met by an equal and opposite force by the second on the first. for every action there is an equal and opposite reactionn

Back 200

law of reaction

Front 201

the forces influencing mvmt can be classified as

Back 201

reaction, friction, and muscular

Front 202

abnormalities in gait can be assessed by evaluating

Back 202

ground reaction force patterns

Front 203

is influenced by the nature and interaction of contacting surfaces and the force pressing the surfaces together

Back 203

frictional force Ff=mN

Front 204

provide a pulling force on the bone

Back 204

muscles

Front 205

the rotary effect of force produced by muscles

Back 205

torque

Front 206

result from the coordinated actions of the muscles acting across a joint

Back 206

normal mvmt patterns

Front 207

result from disruptions in the coordinated muscular actions because of application of innappropriate force, etc

Back 207

abnormal mvmt patterns

Front 208

the downward direction of the force of gravity on an object

Back 208

line of gravity LOG

Front 209

the point of exact center around which the body freely rotates; body weight is equal on all sides; point of intersection of 3 cardinal body planes

Back 209

center of gravity COG

Front 210

the area of contact between the body and the supporting surface

Back 210

base of support (BOS)

Front 211

maintained when the center of gravity remains over the base of support

Back 211

balance

Front 212

the firmness of balance

Back 212

stability

Front 213

occurs when the center of gravity is closer to the base of support

Back 213

increased stability

Front 214

occurs when the center of gravity is directly placed over the base of support

Back 214

maximal stability

Front 215

the ability of any force to cause rotation to a lever

Back 215

torque

Front 216

rotation of a body segment is dependant on

Back 216

magnitude of force and distance of forces

Front 217

provides a method for altering the difficulty of an exercise when weight is applied

Back 217

changing the torque

Front 218

occurs when a freely movable object moves in a straight line when a force is applied on the center of the object and the object is free to move in a rectilinear or curvilinear path

Back 218

translatory motion

Front 219

occurs when a force is applied off center of a freely movable object and the object is free to move in a rotary path

Back 219

rotary motion

Front 220

represents the distance traveled in a period of time

Back 220

velocity

Front 221

refers to increased velocity

Back 221

acceleration

Front 222

refers to decreased velocity

Back 222

deceleration

Front 223

the mathematical product of mass and velocity of a moving object

Back 223

momentum

Front 224

a rigid bar that revolves around a fixed point or axis (fulcrum); are used with force to overcome a resistance

Back 224

levers

Front 225

the pivot point between the force and resistance (part of lever)

Back 225

axis

Front 226

the distance from the axis to the point of application of force (part of lever)

Back 226

force arm

Front 227

the distance from the axis to the resistance (part of lever)

Back 227

resistance arm

Front 228

the axis between the force and resistance arm and force arm may be greater, smaller, or equal to the resistance arm

Back 228

first-class lever

Front 229

the resistance lies between the effort force and the axis of rotation and the force arm is greater than the resistance arm

Back 229

second-class lever

Front 230

the effort force lies closer to the axis of the lever than the resistance, and the force arm is smaller than the resistance arm

Back 230

third-class lever

Front 231

occurs from repetition of the gait cycle which is the time between ground contacts of the same foot

Back 231

locomotion

Front 232

the time between ground contacts of the right heel

Back 232

stride

Front 233

measured from initial contact of one lower extremity to the point at which the same extremity contacts the ground again

Back 233

stride length

Front 234

half of a stride; one heel ground contact to other heel ground contact

Back 234

step

Front 235

60% of the gait cycle where foot is in contact with the ground

Back 235

stance

Front 236

40% of the gait cycle where foot isnt in contact with the ground

Back 236

swing

Front 237

typical walking speed in adults

Back 237

1.5m/s

Front 238

a typical stride length or cycle length

Back 238

1.5m

Front 239

a typical stride rate or cycle rate

Back 239

1 cycle

Front 240

in the frontal plane pelvic mvmt is __ cm on each side

Back 240

5

Front 241

in the transverse plane the pelvis rotates ___

Back 241

8 degrees

Front 242

parts of the stance phase in gait cycle

Back 242

heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, toe off

Front 243

parts of the swing phase in gail cycle

Back 243

initial swing, midswing, terminal swing

Front 244

common causes of gait abnormalities include

Back 244

muscular weakness and neurological disorders

Front 245

can contribute to an anterior lean of the upper body at heel strike

Back 245

weakness in gluteus maximus

Front 246

decreases stabilizing function during stance phase of gait, lateral shift in pelvis

Back 246

weakness in gluteus medius and minimus

Front 247

reduces push off and thus step length on affected side

Back 247

weakness in plantarflexors

Front 248

results in slapping of foot during heel contact and increased knee and hip flexion during swing phase

Back 248

dorsiflexor insufficiency

Front 249

lead to forward lean of trunk of hyperextension of the knee joint

Back 249

weakness of quads femoris

Front 250

a neurological disorder which affects leg and arm in gait

Back 250

hemiplegia

Front 251

a neurological disorder which affects hip, knee, and shuffling step in gait

Back 251

parkinsonism

Front 252

running requires

Back 252

greater balance, muscle strength, range of motion, greater forward incline, etc

Front 253

both feet are off the ground during this phase of running

Back 253

flight phase

Front 254

the tendency of a body to float when immersed in fluid

Back 254

buoyancy

Front 255

a body immersed in fluid is buoyed up with a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid

Back 255

archimedes principle

Front 256

result from stroke and kick and should contribute to forward progress

Back 256

propelling forces

Front 257

result from skin resistance (friction), wave resistance, and eddy current resistance

Back 257

resistive forces

Front 258

basic principles of good body mechanics:

Back 258

position close to object, COG close to objects COG, widen the base of support, position feed according to mvmt, avoid twisting, and wen possible push, pull, roll or slide instead of lifting an object

Front 259

knees slightly bent, body bent from hips, back straight, chest and head upright

Back 259

power position