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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Primary Extracellular Cation
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Sodium
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Primary Intracellular Cation
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Potassium
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Serum Levels of Hyponatremia
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<135 mEq/L
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Serum Levels of Hypernatremia
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>145 mEq/L
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Serum Levels of Hypokalemia
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<3.5 mEq/L
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Serum Levels of Hyperkalemia
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>5.0 mEq/L
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Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Increase/Decrease |
Increase ADH: Water/Sodium resorption in Kidneys (by decreasing GFR)
-Excretion of concentrated urine -May decrease serum Na due to increased extracellular water Decreased ADH: Decreased water resorption/increased urinary excretion of water |
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SIADH
(Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone - Hypersection) |
Inappropriate hypersection of ADH/Vasopressin
-leads to increased water resorption of kidney -Hyponatremia related to fluid overload -pneumonia, brain tumors, head trauma, strokes, meningitis, encephalitis, or small-cell carcinoma of the lung. |
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Types of Hyponatremia
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Hypervolemic Hyponatremia
Euvolemic Hyponatremia Hypovolemic Hyponatremia |
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Hypervolemic Hyponatremia
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-Dilutional
-Increase of Fluids with increase in sodium (Hypervolemic) -edemous Primary Causes: -Liver Failure -Congestive Heart Failure -Renal Failure |
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Euvolemic Hyponatremia
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-Dilutional
-Increase in fluid with Normal sodium level (euvolemic) -Non Edemous Primary Causes Secondary to increased ADH -SIADH -Drugs -Cancer |
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Hypovolemic Hyponatremia
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ADH Secretion stimulated by low volume
-Low Fluid Volume (Hypovolemic) AND Hyponatremia -Exercising with fluid repletion (loss of fluid/electrolytes) |
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Causes of Hyponatremia
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Overhydration
Disease: -Hepatic Failure -Renal Failure -CHF GI Losses;Vomiting/Diarrhea;Fistula Urinary Losses -SIADH -DKA -Addison Disease |
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Causes of Hypernatremia
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Dehydration
Diabetes Insipidus Hyperglycemia induced Polyuria Hypertonic Enteral Feed without Water Flush |
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Causes of Hypokalemia
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GI Losses
-Diarrhea/Vomiting/Nasogastric Secretion Urinary Losses -Potassium Sparing Diuretics -Mineralcorticoids -Sweat Intracellular Shift (anabolism) -Alkalosis -Refeeding Syndrome |
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One Major symtpom of Hypokalemia...
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Ileus
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Causes of Hyperkalemia
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Renal Insufficiency
Dehydration DKA Rapid Catabolism Acidosis |
