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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acids
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release hydrogen ions in the solution
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Base (alkalis)
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accept hydrogen ions in solution
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Volatile acids
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can be eliminated from the body as a gas. Carbonic acid is the only volatile acid produced in the body
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Buffers
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substances that prevent major changes in pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions
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alkalosis
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when pH rises above 7.45
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Acidosis
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when the biocarbonate to carbonic acid falls below 7.35
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Paco2
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measures the pressure exerted by dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood. It reflects the respiratory component of acid base regulation and balance.
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Pao2
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measure of the pressure exerted by oxygen that is dissolved in the plasma. Normal value of Pao2 is 80-100 mmHg
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less than 80 Pao2 is
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hypoxemia
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Normal value of Paco2 is
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35-45 mmHg
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Paco2 less than 35 is known as
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hypocapnia
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Paco2 greater than 45 is ...
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hypercapnia
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Serum bicarbonate (HCO3-)
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reflects the renal regulation of acid base balance
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Base Excess (BE)
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calculated value also known as buffer case capacity. Represents the amount of acid or base that must be added to a blood sample to achieve a pH of 7.4
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Arterial Blood gas
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A laboratory test to evaluate acid-base balance and gas exchange
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Anion Gap
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the difference between the sum of two measured anions, chloride and bi carbonate, and the princip0le measured cation, sodium.
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Metabolic acidosis
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a deficit of bicarbonate in relation to the amount of acid in the body; may result from bicarbonate loss or excess acid production
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Metabolic alkalosis
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an excess of bicarbonate in relation to the amount of acid in the body; may result in excess bicarbonate intake or loss of hydrogen ion.
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Respiratory Acidosis
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occurs when carbon dioxide is retained, increasing the amount of carbonic acid in the body
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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when too much carbon dioxide is "blown off", carbonic levels fall. Paco2 is less than 35 mmHg and pH rises to above 7.45
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Serum Bicarbonate
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the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood
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if the pH indicates acidosis, then it is caused by a high level CO2 (too much acid) then it is.....
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a respiratory problem
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if the pH indicates acidosis , then it is caused by a low level HCO3 (not enough base) then it is a....
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metabolic problem
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if the pH indicates akalosis, then it is caused by low level CO2 (not enough acid) then it is a...
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Respiratory problem
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if the pH indicates akalosis, then it is caused by a high level HCO3 (too much base) then it is...
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a metabolic problem
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pH
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measure of free hydrogen ions in a solution.
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Too much bicarb =
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low pH
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the carbonic anhydrase equation
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CO2 + H20 ---->H2CO3--->(H+) + HCO3-
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Hemoglobin binds to...
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O2 and CO2
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respiratory acidosis
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pH is too low therefore H- is too high CO2 increase -->HCO3 increase
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Pathophysiology of Resp. Acidosis
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Asthma
Head injuries chest trauma airway obstruction |
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manifestations of resp. acidosis
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*RESTLESSNESS/ CONFUSION* (disoriented)
Hyperkalemia |
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management of resp. acidosis
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Medication
Ventilation |
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Metablic Acidosis
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renal is causing problems...Hydrogen Ions (H-) are too high
decrease HCO3- or losing it |
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pathophysiology of metabolic acidosis
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*GI LOSSES*
too much acid production (ketoacidosis), lactic acidosis (exercise) ASA overdose |
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manifestations of metabolic acidosis
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Hyperventilation (kussmauls respirations) NOT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
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management for metabolic acidosis
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Give Bicarbonate (PO supplements) and IV push
Treat the cause (ex: Lactic acidosis) *Always fix the pH, before you treat the electrolyte imbalance* |
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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high pH above 7.45 --->low hydrogen ion
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pathophysiology of respiratory alkalosis
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*Hyperventilation* ( CO2 levels too low)
Anxious too much mechanical ventilation anything that causes an increase in respiration |
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manifestations of resp. alkalosis
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Dizziness
increase in neuromuscular activities hypoxemia hypocalcemia hypokalemia |
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management of resp. alkalosis
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treat the anxiety
paper bag method pursed lip breathing give O2 mask for hypoxemia |
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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high pH...low H+
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Pathopyhsiology of Met. Alkalosis
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over correction on acidosis (coding)
overdose of antacids too much bicarb loss too much acid d/t upper GI |
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manifestations of Met. Alkalosis
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Hypokalemia
Digitoxicity |
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Management of Met. Alkalosis
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treat the cause (EX: vommiting)
*medicate with Diamox |
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Diamox
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increase excretion of bicarbonate
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