Ace Essentials Of Exercise Science

Front 1

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the Front

Back 1

Anterior (ventral)

Front 2

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the Back

Back 2

Posterior (dorsal)

Front 3

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the Head

Back 3

Superior

Front 4

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Away from Head

Back 4

Inferior

Front 5

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Toward the midline of the body

Back 5

Medial

Front 6

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Away from the midline of the body

Back 6

Lateral

Front 7

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure or, or midline of the body

Back 7

Distal

Front 8

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
External; located close to or on the body surface

Back 8

Superficial

Front 9

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structures

Back 9

Deep

Front 10

Name the Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms for:
Regional term referring to the neck

Back 10

Cervical

Front 11

What is the regional term referring to the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen; also know as the chest (thorax)

Back 11

Thoracic

Front 12

What is the regional term refering the portion of the back between the abdomen and the pelvis

Back 12

Lumbar

Front 13

Name the term used for the sole or bottome of the feet

Back 13

Plantar

Front 14

Name the top surface of the feet and hands

Back 14

Dorsal

Front 15

Name the anterior or ventral surface of the hands

Back 15

Palmar

Front 16

What is the longitudinal (imaginary) line that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections

Back 16

Sagittal Plane

Front 17

What is the longitudinal (imaginary) section that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane

Back 17

Frontal Plane

Front 18

What is also known as the horizontal plane; an imaginary line that divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior sections

Back 18

Transverse Plane

Front 19

What does Anatomical Position refer to?

Back 19

it refers to a person standing erect with the head, eyes and palms facing forward. The feet are together with the toes pointing forward and the arms are hanging by the sides.

Front 20

What are the four structural levels in the body?

Back 20

Cells, tissues, organs and systems

Front 21

What is epithelal tissue?

Back 21

a tissue that lines various body cavities

Front 22

Explain the basic order in which the cardiovascular/circulatory system works?

Back 22

Blood continuously travels a circular route through the HEART into the ARTERIES, then to the CAPILLARIES, into the VEINS, and back to the HEART.

Front 23

What is the major function of blood?

Back 23

To transport and feed virtually all tissues in the body.
(in addition it plays an importante role in temperature regulation and acid-base balance)

Front 24

Name 3 items which the blood (plasma) carries round the body?

Back 24

Gases (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide), Ions (sodium, chloride, bicarbonate), Hormones, Food materials (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids)

Front 25

Name the 3 items that is carried in the blood that is not plasma?

Back 25

Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets

Front 26

3 blood vessels in which the blood is transported throughout the body?

Back 26

Arteries and arterioles
Veins and venules
Capillaries

Front 27

Function of an artery?

Back 27

to carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart

Front 28

Function of the veins (venules)?

Back 28

to return oxygen poor blood to the heart

Front 29

Function of Capillaries?

Back 29

provides a site for gas, nutrient and waste exchange between the blood and tissues.

Front 30

What happens the the arteries when there is plaque accumulation?

Back 30

they harden and narrow decreasing the arteries ability to expand.

Front 31

In which blood vessel would you find a valve?

Back 31

Veins (this is because the veins bring the blood back towards the heart allowing the blood to flow in only one direction)

Front 32

True or False...the ventricles move the blood through the heart?

Back 32

False (the ATRIA are the recieving chambers which pump the blood through to the VENTRICLES).

Front 33

Which side of the heart recieves blood partially depleted of its oxygen?

Back 33

The RIGHT side it contains an elevated level of carbon dioxide, the heart pumps the blood through the lungs where it can release the CD in exchange for oxygen

Front 34

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Back 34

This is the circuit between the heart and the lungs where the blood releases the carbon dioxide into the lungs in exchange for oxygen and returns the newly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.

Front 35

What is the name for the period from beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next?

Back 35

CARDIAC CYCLE

Front 36

What is missing out of the respiratory system list below?
Nose, nasal cavity, ........., ..........., ..........., bronchi and lungs

Back 36

PHARYNX (throat)
LARYNX (adams apple)
TRACHEA

Front 37

What happens in the aveoli?

Back 37

Gas exchange occurs

Front 38

Humans normally breathe 5-6 litres of air per minute, how much is it increased to when exercising?

Back 38

20 to 30 litres

Front 39

True or False....the lungs are believed to be about the size of a Tennis court?

Back 39

True

Front 40

What does the mediastinum house?

Back 40

HEART, AORTA, ESOPHAGUS and part of the TRACHEA (the mediastinum is the space between the lungs)

Front 41

Which is the only skeletal muscle considered essential for life?

Back 41

DIAPHRAGM

Front 42

True or False....Improving respitory muscles can enhace exercise performance?

Back 42

TRUE (The respitory muscles have been known to fatigue and regular endurance exercise can increase the oxidative capacity of the resiratory muscles)

Front 43

When exerting the lungs, which accessory muscles kick in to help aid the diaphram in inhaling?

Back 43

PECTORALIS MINOR, SCALENES and STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

Front 44

During physical activity which accessory muscles kick in to help aid the diaphram in exhaling?

Back 44

RECTUS ABDOMINUS, INTERNAL OBLIQUES, SERRATUS POSTERIOR, INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS all help pull the rib cage down

Front 45

The digestive system carries out six basic processes, name them?

Back 45

Ingestion of food into mouth;
Movement of food along the digestive tract;
Mechanical perparation of food for digestion;
Chemical digestion of food;
Absorption of digested food into the circulatory and lymphatic systems;
Elimination of waste products by defecation

Front 46

Name 4 important functions of the Lymphatic System?

Back 46

Destuction of bacteria and foreigh substances that are present in lymph nodes;
Immune responses to aid in manufacturing antibodies;
Return of intertitial fluid to the blood stream;
Prevention of excessive accumulation of tissue fluid and filtered proteins.

Front 47

Where does the GI tract start and end?

Back 47

Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus

Front 48

True or False....Food in the GI tract is considered to be inside the body?

Back 48

False (it is considered as outside as the ingested food must cross the cells that line the wall of the digestive tract.

Front 49

What does the epiglottis do when food is swallowed?

Back 49

Closes of the trachea to prevent choking.

Front 50

Once a mouthful of food is swallowed what is it called?

Back 50

BOLUS

Front 51

Primary site for digestion and absoption of food?

Back 51

SMALL INTESTINE

Front 52

What is the DUODENUM, JEJUNUM and ILEUM?

Back 52

SMALL INTESTINE (it is divided into 3 segments)

Front 53

Where would you find VILLI and MICROVILLI?

Back 53

in the DUODENUM and JEJUNUM in the small intestine (the are small hairlike projections with their own network of capillaries in order for nutrients to pass through into the blood stream and body fluids

Front 54

What happens in the Large Intestine?

Back 54

Absorbtion of water and salt occurs leaving a semi solid waste.

Front 55

Which system are the kidneys related to?

Back 55

Although they are related to digestion they have their own distinct system called the URINARY SYSTEM

Front 56

Describe the kidney function?

Back 56

Elimiinates a variety of metabolic products.
Excretes and conservs water and electrolytes.
Important substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstreem and any remaining fluid is transported to the bladder.

Front 57

Total number of bones in the body?
206
216
166

Back 57

206

Front 58

The skelaton is a storehouse for which essential minerals?

Back 58

CALCIUM
PHOSPHOROUS

Front 59

Make up of the CORTICAL bone and the TRABECULAR bone?

Back 59

Cortical bone is the hard compact outer layer of the bone.
Trabecular bone is the honeycome like inner structure of the bone

Front 60

Function of TRABECULAR?

Back 60

Mineral exchange
Helps to maintain skeletal strength

Front 61

Bones which are more likely to weaken due to Osteoporosis?

Back 61

Bones that have a higher percentage of TRABECULAR bone as they are likely to fracture more easily e.g. long bones, vertebrae

Front 62

What is the other name for the epiphyseal cartilage?

Back 62

GROWTH PLATE (this area of the bone separates the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphysis (ends) this area of cartilage leaves room for growth for children. Once fully grown it is called the epiphysis line).

Front 63

What is the outer layer of the bone called?

Back 63

PERIOSTEUM(which is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves some of wich enter the bone).

Front 64

True or False......Adult skeleton is replaced approx. every 10 years?

Back 64

TRUE
(throughout life, the human skeleton is being continuously broken down while simultaneously being restored).

Front 65

The bone cells are continually reshaping and rebuilding, explain 2 reasons why?

Back 65

Repairs damage to old bone;
re,pves calcium, amd phosphorous whem these minerals are deficient in the diet;

Front 66

Meaning of WOLFF's law or "form follows function'?

Back 66

This is when the skeleton is subjected to stressful forces e.g. exercies, it responds by laying down more bone tissue, thereby increasing it's density

Front 67

Type and function of the verebrae bones?

Back 67

AXIAL bone (abnormal shaped), the axial bones are important to support and protect the central nervous system and organs of the thorax.

Front 68

Number of bones in vertebrae?

Back 68

33 (7 Cervical curve, 12 Thoracic curve, 5 Lumbar curve, 5 in the sacrum, 4 fused vertebrae in the coccyx)

Front 69

What type of joint allows little or no movement between bones?

Back 69

FIBROUS (eg. skull and joint between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula)

Front 70

Most commen type of joint in the body?

Back 70

SYNOVIAL JOINT, freely moveable joint made up of cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrance and synovial fluid.

Front 71

Where is the CARTILAGINOUS joint most commonly found?

Back 71

Vertebrae (this joint has a fibrocartilaginous pad that separates two bones).

Front 72

What is the name when two bones meet at a junction?

Back 72

Articulate

Front 73

Give another name for a hinge joint?

Back 73

Uniaxial or Uniplanar

Front 74

Which system collects information about the body's external state, analyze's this information and initializes appropriate responses?

Back 74

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 75

Which part of the body is the Central Nervous System (CNS) related to?

Back 75

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 76

From which system does the CNS receive information from?

Back 76

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Front 77

Name the two PNS (peripheral nervous system) categories?

Back 77

Sensory
Motor