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137 Cards in this Set
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a cappella
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a manner of choral performance wherein the voices sing w/o instrumental accompaniment
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anthem
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a genre of English service music based on English texts
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full anthem
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written in contrapuntal stlye, performed a cappella
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verse anthem
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accompanied, included choir & vocal soloists
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bar form
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a form found in many German Lieder characterized by twwo verses (stollen) followed by a closing refrain (abgesang); diagrammed as AAB
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Jacob Burckhardt
(1818-1897)_ |
one of the earliest historians to use the term "Renaissance" in reference to a historical period
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canonic mass
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type of polyphionic masss structured according to a predetermined "cannon" (rule); cannon can be anything composer wishes
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Cantus Firmus Mass
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type of polyphonic Mass wherein one voice is based ona preexisting tune; many 15th c cantus firmus masses used sacred&secular tunes until Council of Trent
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Chanson
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Fr for "song"; often based on one of the 14 c formes fixes )fixed forms, e.g., ballade, rondeau, and virelai), the chanson originated in france, but popular all over europe
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chorale
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principal voval genre of the Protestant Reformation; written in a simple monoponic style for the prupose of congregational singing, and often based on a preexisting tune; variations include polyphonic chorales and chorale motets
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chromaticism
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practice of using pitches outside the modal scale inwhich a work is written, often for added tone color or effect
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conjunct motion
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melodic motion characterized by stepwise movememt as opposed to leaps
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consonance
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a sonority that is considered harmonically stable and pleasing to the ear; suitable as a departure or arrival w/in a work
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Contenance Angloise
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means "the English guise" refers to the use of 3rds & 6ths as consonant intervals as found in English works (ex, John Dunstable)
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Council of Trent
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series of meetings held by the bishops of the Catholic Church on and off from 1545-1563 in Trento, Italy; passed a series of reforms aimed at correcting the liturgy &refining doctrine
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disjunct motion
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melodic motion characterized by leaps as opposed to steps
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dissonance
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a sonority that is considered harmonically unstable and displeasing to the ear; unsuitable as a point of departure or arrival w/in a work
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fantasia
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16th c instrumental genre characterized by a free0form approach where in the composer explores the extremes to which a musical idea can be taken
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feudal system
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the hierarchical division of power in medieval andRenaissance Europe; king presides over series of lesser nobility
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frottola
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Italian polyphonic secular song written in a chordal, homorhythmic style featuring dance-like rhythms
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genre
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particular kind of musical composition characterized by a distinct style, form, or type of content; usualy includes performing medium and often place of performance
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homorhythmic
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musical texture wherein all voices move together at the same speed nd in more or less the same rhythm
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Hundred Years' War
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occurred on and off b/w England & France from 1336-1453, during which time the English occupied a significant portion of France
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Lied (pl. Lieder)
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Gr for "song"; in the Renaissance it referred to either a polyphonic or monophonic composition based on German poetry
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Lute Song
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vocal work accompanied by the lute; often has teh main melody in the uppermost voice
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Martin Luther
)1483-1546) |
atholic priest who disputed the Church's selling of indulgences via "95 Theses" Protestant Reformation
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Madrigal
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Italian secular vocal composition characterized by elaborate polyphhonic csettings and esxpressive poetry of a high literary caliber; popular in england during the late 16 c
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Maestro di cappella
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Italian for "chapel master"; refers to one of the highest musical positions one could have; the maestro di cappella was in charge of all music activities in a church, including training the choirk, supplying music for services and composing new music when needed
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mannerism
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in reference to painting; describes a style wherein the proportions of figures are distorted &exaggerated; in mlusic, deliberae distortion of accentuation of a musical element for effect
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mass
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aka Missa solemnis (solemn mass) principal worship service of the Roman Catholic Church; celebration of the Last Supper
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mass ordinary
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texts of the mass that don't change during the liturgical year; Kyria, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and Ite, missa est
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Mass proper
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texts of mass that do change; Introit, Collects, epistle, gradual, alleluia, tract, sequence, gospel, offertory, secret, preface, canon, communion, and postcommunion
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melisma
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type of text setting wherein one syllable is sung on a series of several pitches
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accidental
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a sharp, flat, or natural symbol before a note; indicaties a pitch from outside the specified scale
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adagio
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slow tempo
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aerophone
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instrument that creates sound by the vibration of a column of air
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allegro
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fast tempo
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alto
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female voice w/range lower that soprano, or high mle voice
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andante
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moderate, walking tempo
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ballet
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musical form written to coincide w/story to be danced
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bass
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male voice w/lowest range
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bass clef
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symbol that indicates that the 4th line from the bottom of a staff represents the pitch of F below middle C; aka F clef
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beat
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underlying pulse in music
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binary form
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form of a piece that has 2 sections AB
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Bridge
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1) linking passage in piece of music
2)part of a string instrument over which the strings pass |
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cadence
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progression of notes or chords that gives teh efect of closing a passage of music
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chord
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combo of 3+ pitches played at once
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chordophone
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instrument that produces sound via the vibration of a stretched string that is bowed,plucked, or struck
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chromatic scale
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scale based on an octave of twelve semitones as opposed to a diatonic scale
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clef
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a symbol that designates teh pitch range to be diplayed on the staff
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coda
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a passage at the end of a movement or composition that brings it to a fromal close
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concerto
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originally referred ot a work that featured effects of contrast, but now refers to a work in which a solo instrument is contrasted w/larger ensemble of orchestra
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continuo
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gradually increasing in loudness
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decrescendo
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gradually decreasing in lnoudness
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diatonic scale
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scale using only the eight tones of a standard major or minor scale w/o chromatic deviations
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dominant
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5th step or degree of a scale
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downbeat
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accented beat at the beginnign of a measure
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dynamics
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gradations of loudness in music
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electrophone
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instrument that produces sound by electronic means
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equal tempermant tuning
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system on tuning based on a scale whose "steps" or degrees have logarithically equal intervals b/w them in contrast to the differently spaced degrees of "just intonation tuning"
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form
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structure or organization of a piece of music
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forte
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loud
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fortissimo
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very loud
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frequency
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refers to # of vibrations /sec that creates a sound; frequency of sound determines pitch
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fugue
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type of composition or technique in which a melodic theme is subjected to melodic imitation
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galliard
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lively court dance in triple meter that was popular in the 16th & early 17th c which was often paired with the pavane
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gregoring chant
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plainsong
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harmonics
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sounds heard together when a sound is produced by a vibrating string or air column, through its vibrations in parts; the tones in the harmonic series of overtones produced by a fundamnetal tone
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harmony
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combination of more than one musical pitch at a time and the subsepuent reltionship b/w intervals and chords
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hertz
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unit of measure of frequency; # of cycles /sec
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heterophony
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texture in which several diff versions of the same melody are played simultaneously
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homophony
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a texture w/one melody and varied supporting accompaniment; a texture in which the parts generally move together
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homorhythmic
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texture in which the melody and the supporting parts perform similar rhythms
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idiophone
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an instrument that produces sound by bein struch, plucked, rubbed, or bowed
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intervaly
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distance b/w two pitches
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key
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the tonality and major or minor scale of a piece of music; key is labled according to the note to which the piece gravitates
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key signature
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group of flats or sharps placed on the staff at the beginnign of a piece that indicaties the tonality of the scale used
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largo
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very slow
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leading tone
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7th degree of a scale; semitone below the tonic, gies music a sense of leading back to the tonic
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leitmotif
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a recognizable theme or musical idea that represents a character or concept in a dramatic work
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libretto
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text of an opera or oratorio
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major scale
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scale in which the distance from the 1st to the 3rd notes is 4 semitones
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measure
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a metrical division of music, marked by vertical lines through the staff called bar lines
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melody
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sequence of musical pitches w/recognizable shape/tune
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membranophone
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instrument that produces sound when it's stretched membrane is struck/rubbed
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meter
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grouping of beats to a regular pulse
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mezzo forte
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medium loud
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mezzo piano
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medium quiet/soft
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mezzo-soprano
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female voice w/a range midway b/w soprano & alto
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minor scale
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a scale in which the distance b/w the 1st & 3rd notes is three semitones
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monophony
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texture w/only one melody & no supporting accompaniment
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motet
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polyphonic choral work that was one of the most important musical forms from the 13th to 18th c and was commonly used in the Roman Catholic Church
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octave
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interval b/w two notes of the same name, 12 semitones apart
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opera
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sung drama that is set to music w/costumes, scenery, and usually has a secular theme
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opus
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the latin word for "work" that is used w/a # to sequence & ID the work of the composer
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oratorio
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sung drama performed chorally w/no costuming or scenery & has a relig theme
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organum
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type of medieval polyphony w/1+ voices added to a plainsong
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pavane
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slow court dance in duple meter popular in teh 16th & early 17th c, paired w/gilliard
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pianissimo
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very quiet or soft
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piano
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quiet/soft
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pitch
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highness/lowness of a sound
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plainsong
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liturgical chants to Lat text use since the Middle ages; also called Gregorian chants
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polymeter
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simultaneous use of 1+ meter
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polyphony
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texture in which 2+ melodic lines are combined
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polyrhythm
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use of simultaneous contrasting rhythms
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presto
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very fast
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program music
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instrumental music that is narrative or descriptive of a nonmusical idea
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reed
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1) flexible strip of cane or metal set in tot he mouthpiece or air opening of certain instruments that produces a tone by vibration in response to a stream of air
2) instrument, (oboe/clarinet )fitted w/reed |
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resonance
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amplification or prolongation af a muscal tone produced by sympathetic vibrations
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rest
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in musical notation, one of several symbols corresponding ot a given # of beats that indicaties a period of silence
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rhythm
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organization of sounds and silences through time
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ritornello
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recurring section in a piece of music
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rounded binary
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an extention of the binary form wherein the 1st section is repeated at the end
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rondo
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form w/a repeating A section, which alternates w/2+ contrasting sections
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scale
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set of conjunct pitches w/in an octave used for musical composition
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score
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written form of a musical composition for several performers
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sonata
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piece in several movements for a small ensemble, soloist w/accompaniment or solo keyboard
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staff
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set of five horizontal lines on and b/w which music is notated
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strophic
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refers to songs in which each stanza or verse is played/sung to the same music
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symphonic poem
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orchestral piece based on a nonmusial (literary, narrative, pictorial, etc.) idea
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symphony
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an extended orchestral work, usually in several movements
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syncopation
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the stressing of beats that are normally unstressed
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tempo
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the speed of a musical piece
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ternary form
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a form comprised of three sections w/the 3rd being a repetition of the 1st ABA
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texture
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the manner in which linear musical parts are blended
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theme and variation
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a musical form in which one melodic idea is repeated w/variations that may be rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, or any combination thereof
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through-composed
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a musical form in which each stanza or verse is set to diff music so that there is no repeating section
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timbre
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characteristic of instrumental and vocal sounds that make them distinguishable to the ear; tone color
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time signature
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the figures on the staff at the beginnign of a piece that indicate its meter
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tonality
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the feeling of pull toward a particular tone, which is determined by the key of the music
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tonic
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the main note of a major or minor key
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treble clef
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a symbol that indicated that the second line from the bottom of a staff represents the pitch of G above middle C; aka a G clef
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triad
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a basic chord combining a beginnign note and the 3rd & 5th note above it
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12 bar rules
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a form of African-American pop music
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verse-chorus
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a 2 part form w/text changing in the verse section & repeated text in the chorus section
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vivace
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quick, lively tempo
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word-painting
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a technique whereby the writtten text of a song is illustrated musically
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