Ac 2 Exam 1

Front 1

extra breath sounds that are abnormal, such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs

Back 1

adventitious sounds

Front 2

a receptor that responds to a change in the chemical composition (PaCO2 and pH) of the fluid around it

Back 2

chemoreceptor

Front 3

a measure of the elasticity of the lungs and thorax

Back 3

compliance

Front 4

short, low-pitched sounds caused by air passing through airway intermittently occluded by mucus, unstable bronchial wall, or fold of mucosa; evident on inspiration and, at times, expiration; similar sound to blowing through a straw under water

Back 4

crackles

Front 5

shortness of breath; difficulty breathing

Back 5

dyspnea

Front 6

the tendency for the lungs to recoil after being stretched or expanded

Back 6

elastic recoil

Front 7

vibration of the chest wall produced by vocalization

Back 7

fremitus

Front 8

receptors located in lungs, upper airways, chest wall, and diaphragm that are stimulated by irritants, muscle stretching, and alveolar wall distortion

Back 8

mechanical receptors

Front 9

creaking or grating sound from roughened, inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing together, evident during inspiration, expiration, or both and no change with coughing; usually uncomfortable, especially on deep inspiration

Back 9

pleural friction rub

Front 10

continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or suctioning

Back 10

rhonchi

Front 11

a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension in the alveoli

Back 11

surfactant

Front 12

volume of air exchanged with each breath

Back 12

tidal volume

Front 13

inspiration (movement of air into lungs) and expiration (movement of air out of the lungs)

Back 13

ventilation

Front 14

continuous high-pitched squeaking sound caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls

Back 14

wheeze

Front 15

an inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that is usually due to infection

Back 15

acute bronchitis

Front 16

collapsed, airless alveoli

Back 16

atelectasis

Front 17

a disorder characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi

Back 17

bronchiectasis

Front 18

lymphatic fluid in the pleural space due to a leak in the thoracic duct

Back 18

chylothorax

Front 19

a lower respiratory tract infection of the lung parenchyma with onset in the community or during the first two days of hospitalization

Back 19

community-acquired pneumonia

Front 20

a method of treating disease based on observations and experience without always knowing the exact cause

Back 20

empiric treatment

Front 21

accumulation of purulent exudate in the pleural cavity

Back 21

empyema

Front 22

diagnostic procedure that provides direct visualization of the bronchi and biopsy of tumors

Back 22

fiberoptic bronchoscopy

Front 23

instability of the chest wall resulting from multiple rib fractures

Back 23

flail chest

Front 24

accumulation of blood in the pleural space

Back 24

hemothorax

Front 25

pneumonia occurring 48 hours or longer after hospital admission and not incubating at the time of hospitalization

Back 25

hospital-acquired pneumonia

Front 26

surgical removal of one lobe of the lung

Back 26

lobectomy

Front 27

a pus-containing lesion of the lung parenchyma that results in a cavity formed by necrosis of lung tissue

Back 27

lung abscess

Front 28

a histologic type of lung tumor that includes squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and undifferentiated large cell tumors

Back 28

nonsmall cell lung cancer

Front 29

production of substances by lung tumor cells that alter hormonal, dermatologic, neuromuscular, vascular, hematologic, or connective tissue structure or function

Back 29

paraneoplastic syndrome

Front 30

methods of draining fluids or blood from the pleural space to restore normal intrapleural pressure

Back 30

pleural drainage systems

Front 31

a collection of fluid in the pleural space

Back 31

pleural effusion

Front 32

inflammation of the pleura

Back 32

pleurisy (pleuritis)

Front 33

a general term for lung diseases caused by inhalation and retention of dust particles

Back 33

pneumoconiosis

Front 34

surgical removal of an entire lung

Back 34

pneumonectomy

Front 35

an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma usually caused by a microbial agent

Back 35

pneumonia

Front 36

a collection of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse

Back 36

pneumothorax

Front 37

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and interstitial spaces of the lungs

Back 37

pulmonary edema

Front 38

a thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart and from other sources, such as amniotic fluid, air, fat, bone marrow, and foreign IV material that travel as emboli until lodging in the pulmonary vessels

Back 38

pulmonary emboli

Front 39

elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and arterioles

Back 39

pulmonary hypertension

Front 40

a histologic type of lung cancer that is the most malignant and has the poorest prognosis

Back 40

small cell lung cancer

Front 41

a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels

Back 41

tension pneumothorax

Front 42

a procedure done to remove fluid from the pleural space

Back 42

thoracentesis

Front 43

surgical opening into the thoracic cavity

Back 43

thoracotomy

Front 44

an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually involves the lungs, but also occurs in the larynx, kidneys, bones, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and meninges and can be disseminated throughout the body

Back 44

tuberculosis

Front 45

a serum protein produced by the liver and normally found in the lungs that inhibits proteolytic enzymes of white cells from lysing lung tissue; genetic deficiency of this protein can cause emphysema

Back 45

1-antitrypsin

Front 46

alveolar collapse that occurs when high concentrations of oxygen are given and oxygen replaces nitrogen in the alveoli; if airway obstruction occurs, the oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and the alveoli collapse

Back 46

absorption atelectasis

Front 47

a chronic inflammatory lung disease that results in airflow obstruction

Back 47

asthma

Front 48

type of emphysema often associated with chronic bronchitis in which respiratory bronchioles enlarge, the walls are destroyed, and the bronchioles become confluent

Back 48

centrilobular emphysema

Front 49

rhythmic percussion of a patient's chest with cupped hands to loosen retained respiratory secretions

Back 49

chest percussion

Front 50

a series of maneuvers including percussion, vibration, and postural drainage designed to promote clearance of excessive respiratory secretions

Back 50

chest physiotherapy

Front 51

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by excessive production of mucus and chronic inflammatory changes in the bronchi

Back 51

chronic bronchitis

Front 52

pulmonary disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema; clinical use of the term indicates the presence of chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema

Back 52

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Front 53

hypertrophy of the right side of the heart, with or without heart failure, resulting from pulmonary hypertension

Back 53

cor pulmonale

Front 54

an autosomal recessive, multisystem disease characterized by altered function of the exocrine glands involving primarily the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands

Back 54

cystic fibrosis

Front 55

breathing with the use of the diaphragm to achieve maximum inhalation and slow respiratory rate

Back 55

diaphragmatic breathing

Front 56

dry powdered drug delivered by inhalation

Back 56

dry powder inhaler

Front 57

an abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis

Back 57

emphysema

Front 58

high arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2 <45 mm Hg); also called hypercarbia

Back 58

hypercapnia

Front 59

excessive or exaggerated response to a stimulus; in asthma, leads to bronchoconstriction in response to physical, chemical, or pharmacologic stimuli

Back 59

hyperresponsiveness

Front 60

low arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2 <35 mm Hg); also called hypocarbia

Back 60

hypocapnia

Front 61

aerosolized drug delivered in a specific amount by activating the inhaler or by inhaling

Back 61

metered-dose inhaler

Front 62

normal arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2 35-45 mm Hg)

Back 62

normocapnia

Front 63

a condition of oxygen overdosage caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of oxygen; may inactivate pulmonary surfactant and lead to development of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Back 63

O2 toxicity

Front 64

a condition characterized by inadequate production and secretion of pancreatic hormones or enzymes

Back 64

pancreatic insufficiency

Front 65

type of emphysema involving distention and destruction of the entire primary respiratory lobule; usually associated with a 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Back 65

panlobular emphysema

Front 66

the use of various positions to promote gravity drainage of bronchial secretions

Back 66

postural drainage

Front 67

a technique of exhaling against pursed lips to prolong exhalation, preventing bronchiolar collapse and air trapping

Back 67

pursed-lip breathing

Front 68

a severe, life-threatening asthma attack that is refractory to usual treatment and places the patient at risk for developing respiratory failure

Back 68

status asthmaticus

Front 69

in asthma, any stimuli that initiates the IgE-mast cell mediated response resulting in the pathophysiologic responses of asthma

Back 69

trigger

Front 70

pressing on the chest with the flat of the hands while repeatedly tensing the hand and arm muscles to facilitate movement of secretions to larger airways

Back 70

vibration

Front 71

a sudden and progressive form of acute respiratory failure in which the alveolar capillary membrane becomes damaged and more permeable to intravascular fluid

Back 71

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Front 72

a generalized decrease in ventilation that results in an increase in PaCO2 and a consequent decrease in PaO2

Back 72

alveolar hypoventilation

Front 73

occurs when gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised by a process that thickens or destroys the membrane

Back 73

diffusion limitation

Front 74

an increase in arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) caused by insufficient CO2 removal

Back 74

hypercapnia

Front 75

a condition in which the PaCO2 is above normal (greater than 45 mm Hg) in combination with acidemia (arterial pH less than 7.35); primary problem is insufficient CO2 removal

Back 75

hypercapnic respiratory failure

Front 76

a decrease in arterial O2 tension (PaO2) and a decrease in arterial O2 saturation (SaO2)

Back 76

hypoxemia

Front 77

a condition in which the PaO2 is 60 mm Hg or less when the patient is receiving an inspired O2 concentration of 60% or greater

Back 77

hypoxemic respiratory failure

Front 78

the state in which the Pa O2 has fallen sufficiently to cause signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation

Back 78

hypoxia

Front 79

Severe ventilation/perfusion mismatch and shunting of pulmonary capillary blood that result in hypoxemia unresponsive to increasing concentrations of O2

Back 79

refractory hypoxemia

Front 80

the process of blood exiting the heart without having participated in gas exchange

Back 80

shunt

Front 81

develops when the oxygen supply is prolonged and not immediately reversible; encompasses the spectrum of unstable angina, non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)

Back 81

acute coronary syndrome

Front 82

chest pain due to myocardial ischemia occurring intermittently over a long period with the same pattern of onset, duration, and intensity of symptoms

Back 82

angina pectoris

Front 83

procedure to dilate atherosclerotic arteries by balloon compression or laser vaporization of atheromas

Back 83

angioplasty

Front 84

removal of an atherosclerotic plaque by shaving with a rotational blade

Back 84

atherectomy

Front 85

formation of focal deposits of cholesterol and lipids known as atheromas or plaque, primarily within the intimal wall of arteries, that obstruct circulation

Back 85

atherosclerosis

Front 86

shock occurring when either systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the myocardium results in compromised cardiac output

Back 86

cardiogenic shock

Front 87

development of arterial branching that occurs within the coronary circulation when occlusion of the coronary arteries occurs slowly over a long period

Back 87

collateral circulation

Front 88

an abnormal condition that may affect the heart's arteries and produce various pathologic effects, especially the reduced flow of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium. The most common type is coronary atherosclerosis.

Back 88

coronary artery disease

Front 89

a complication of myocardial infarction that is characterized by pericarditis with effusion and fever that develops one to four weeks after myocardial infarction

Back 89

Dressler syndrome

Front 90

decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part

Back 90

ischemia

Front 91

a method used to determine the energy costs of various exercises; one MET is the amount of oxygen needed by the body at rest: 3.5 ml of oxygen per kilogram per minute or 1.4 cal/kg of body weight per minute

Back 91

metabolic equivalent (MET)

Front 92

irreversible cardiac cellular death caused by sustained myocardial ischemia

Back 92

myocardial infarction

Front 93

a common elective intervention for angina in which a catheter equipped with an inflatable balloon tip is inserted into a narrowed coronary artery and the balloon is inflated, compressing the atherosclerotic plaque and dilating the artery

Back 93

percutaneous coronary intervention

Front 94

local deposits of cholesterol and lipids in arterial walls

Back 94

plaque

Front 95

variant angina; occurs at rest, usually in response to spasm of a major coronary artery

Back 95

Prinzmetal's angina

Front 96

asymptomatic ischemia

Back 96

silent ischemia

Front 97

chest pain that develops when the lack of oxygen supply is temporary and reversible

Back 97

stable angina

Front 98

expandable mesh-like structures designed to maintain vessel patency by compressing the arterial walls and resisting vasoconstriction

Back 98

stents

Front 99

unexpected death from cardiac causes

Back 99

sudden cardiac death

Front 100

the use of fibrinolytic enzymes or thrombolytic agents to dissolve clots

Back 100

thrombolytic therapy

Front 101

angina that is new in onset, occurs at rest, or has a worsening pattern

Back 101

unstable angina

Front 102

a loss of intravascular fluid volume resulting from fluid loss from the body through hemorrhage, gastrointestinal (GI) loss (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea), fistula drainage, diabetes insipidus, or diuresis

Back 102

absolute hypovolemia

Front 103

an acute and life-threatening hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction to a sensitizing substance such as a drug, chemical, vaccine, food, or insect venom

Back 103

anaphylactic shock

Front 104

shock occurring when either systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the myocardium results in compromised cardiac output

Back 104

cardiogenic shock

Front 105

shock that is caused by a loss of intravascular fluid volume

Back 105

hypovolemic shock

Front 106

the failure of more than one organ system in an acutely ill patient such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention

Back 106

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

Front 107

neurologic syndrome due to the loss of vasomotor tone caused by spinal cord injury at the fifth thoracic (T5) vertebrae or above and characterized by hypotension, bradycardia, and warm, dry extremities

Back 107

neurogenic shock

Front 108

loss of intravascular fluid volume resulting from the movement of fluid out of the vascular space into extravascular space (e.g., interstitial or intracavitary space)

Back 108

relative hypovolemia

Front 109

a systemic inflammatory response to infection

Back 109

sepsis

Front 110

the presence of sepsis with hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation along with the presence of tissue perfusion abnormalities

Back 110

septic shock

Front 111

a syndrome characterized by decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism resulting in an imbalance between the supply of and demand for oxygen and nutrients

Back 111

shock

Front 112

a systemic inflammatory response to a variety of insults, including infection, ischemia, infarct, and injury characterized by inflammation in body organs not involved in the initial insult

Back 112

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)