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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three essential volume components of the skull?
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brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid
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What factors influence ICP?
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(1) arterial pressure, (2) venous pressure, (3) intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure, (4) posture, (5) temperature, and (6) blood gases, particularly CO2 levels.
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Normal ICP ranges from ___ to ___.
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0-15 mmHg
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The brain uses ___% of the body's oxygen.
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20
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___ is the automatic adjustment in the diameter of the cerebral blood vessels by the brain to maintain a constant blood flow during changes in arterial blood pressure.
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autoregulation
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The lower limit of MAP is ___ mm Hg, while the upper limit is ___ mm Hg.
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50, 150
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On the Glasgow coma scale, the best possible score is ___.
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15
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How do you assess neurological status in the patient who is unable to obey commands?
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Pain the patient (i.e. nail bed pressure, sternal rub, trapezius squeeze)
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Common causes of increased ICP
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head injuries, high CO2, positioning (pressure on neck veins), emotional upset, coughing, hyperthermia, noxious stimuli
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What are the components of Cushing's triad?
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Systolic hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia with a full and bounding pulse, and altered respirations (this results from a loss of autoregulation).
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What are the signs and symptoms of ICP?
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change in LOC, pupillary changes (dilated/blown on one or both sides), motor strength changes, vomiting (usually without nausea) and headache, seizures, amnesia.
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An increase in PaC02 (increases/decreases) cerebral blood flow.
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increases
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What is the gold standard for diagnosis of ICP?
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CT scan
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How do you maximize venous return in a patient with ICP?
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position head in neutral position, admin. hypertensive agents, Mannitol (diuretic-cross blood brain barrier, give only if osmolality is sufficient), ventilator (decrease C02), sedation to prevent movement, regulate temperature
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Most common type of edema, occurs mainly in the white matter and is attributed to changes in the endothelial lining of cerebral capillaries.
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Vasogenic cerebral edema
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This type of edema develops from destructive lesions or trauma to brain tissue, resulting in the shift of fluid an d protein from the extracellular space directly into the cells.
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Cytotoxic cerebral edema
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In the deepest state of consciousness called ___ , the patient does not respond to painful stimuli and corneal and pupillary reflexes are absent.
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coma
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Signs of dysfunction of cranial nerve ___ include blurred vision, diplopia, and changes in extraocular eye movements.
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III
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____, an edematous optic disk seen on retinal examination, is a nonspecific sign associated with persistent increases in ICP.
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Papilledema
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___ is an ideal medication in the prevention of seizures because it coats the vein with a lipid, preventing damage to the vein.
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Cerebex
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___ is convenient for the treatment of seizures because you do not need to monitor therapeutic drug levels.
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Keppra
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