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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the absorption of topical medication based on?
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It's lipid solubility
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what is the ED 50?
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The dose at which the desired effect occurs in 50% of patients
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what is the LD50?
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The dose at which death occurs in 50% of patients
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what is the effect of sulfa drugs on bilirubin?
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sulfa drugs displace unconjugated bilirubin from albumin. In newborns for example this can lead to hyperbilirubinemia induced encephalopathy
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what is the difference between efficacy and potency?
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Efficacy is the ability of a drug to get to the plateau. Potency is how fast to get there
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what is tachyphylaxis?
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it is the tolerance of the drug after administration of just a few doses
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what needs to be done if the peak of the drug is too high?
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Decreased dose
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what needs to be done if the trough of a drug is too high?
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Decreased dosing frequency
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what are examples of phase 1 metabolism reactions?
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Simple demethylation, reduction oxidation, hydrolysis
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what are examples of phase 2 metabolism reactions?
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Glucuronidation and sulfation
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which drugs are P450 inducers?
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alcohol, cigarettes, phenobarbital, Dilantin, theophylline, warfarin
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which drugs are P450 inhibitors?
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cimetidine, allopurinol, calcium channel blockers ( verapamil, amiodarone), and antibiotics (erythromycin, isoniazid, ketoconazole, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole)
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what is the effect of the P4 50 system on aromatic hydrocarbons?
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The P4 50 system can transform aromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogens
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what is the mechanism of action of colchicine?
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binds cellular tubulin
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what is the mechanism of action of allopurinol?
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Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, thereby blocking uric acid formation
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when using doubt what is the mechanism of action of probenecid?
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Increased renal secretion of uric acid
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what is the mechanism of action of statins?
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HMG –CoA reductase inhibition
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what are the two main side effects of statins?
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Rhabdomyolysis and liver dysfunction
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what is the most common side effect of niacin?
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Flushing which can be treated with aspirin
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what is the mechanism of action of cholestyramine?
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sequesters bile acids thereby inhibiting fat absorption
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what is the main side effect cholestyramine?
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decrease fat soluble vitamin absorption
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what is the mechanism of action of promethazine (phenergan)?
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Dopamine receptor blocker
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hat is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide ( Reglan)?
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Dopamine receptor blocker
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what is the mechanism of action of Zofran?
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Serotonin receptor blocker
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what is the mechanism of action of omeprazole?
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Proton pump inhibitor, blocks gastric H-K ATPase
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what is the mechanism of action digoxin?
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Na/K ATPase blocker, eventually resulting in increased calcium in myocardial cells
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what electrolyte abnormality potentiates the effects of digoxin?
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Hypokalemia
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what is the treatment of digoxin toxicity?
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Digibind and potassium
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how does potassium help in the treatment of digoxin toxicity?
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Depolarizes the myocyte membranes
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what are some side effects of digoxin?
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Yellow visual changes, fatigue, arrhythmias, and mesenteric ischemia due to decreased mesenteric blood flow
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is digoxin cleared with dialysis?
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no
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what class of drug is procainamide?
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Class IA antiarrhythmic
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what are some side effects of procainamide?
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Lupus like symptoms, pulmonary fibrosis, QT prolongation, and torsades de pointes
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what is the treatment of torsades de pointes?
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Magnesium
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what is the best single class of drug to reduce mortality in patients with CHF?
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ACE inhibitors
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what is the best single class of drugs to reduce the risk of MI and atrial fibrillation postoperatively?
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Beta blockers
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what is the mechanism of action of atropine?
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Acetylcholine antagonist
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what is the mechanism of action of vasopressin?
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Acts on V1 receptors on vascular smooth wall, and cause constriction
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what is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?
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Cyclooxygenase inhibitors
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what is the mechanism of action of misoprostol?
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PGE1 analogue, therefore promotes mucus production and hence prevent peptic ulcer disease
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what are the first symptoms of aspirin toxicity?
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Tinnitus, headaches, nausea and vomiting
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what is the first physiological finding of aspirin toxicity?
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Respiratory alkalosis
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what is the treatment of Tylenol overdose?
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N-acetylcysteine
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