Absite Review Inflammation And Cytokines

Front 1

which factors are released by platelets in the inflammatory phase?

Back 1

Platelet derived growth factor PDGF and TGF-beta

Front 2

which gene codes for PDGF?

Back 2

Sis oncogene, overexpressed in certain cancers

Front 3

what are the effects of TGF-beta?

Back 3

Chemotaxis and activation of PMN's, macrophages, and fibroblasts, as well as angiogenesis and epithelialization

Front 4

what can result from overproduction of TGF-beta?

Back 4

Fibrosis, hypertrophic scars, keloids

Front 5

what gene codes for the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFR?

Back 5

Erb B (also known as Her2 and Neu) oncogene, overexpressed in certain cancers and carries a worse prognosis and cancers when it is overexpressed this receptor is blocked by the medication Herceptin (trastuzumab)

Front 6

what gene codes for platelet derived growth factor?

Back 6

Sis oncogene

Front 7

what is unique about platelet activating factor?

Back 7

Unlike other factors platelet activating factor is not stored in cells but rather cleaves off the cell membrane by phospholipase

Front 8

what is the precursor to nitrous oxide?

Back 8

arginine

Front 9

which main enzyme is involved in nitrous oxide synthesis?

Back 9

Nitrous oxide synthase

Front 10

what is nitrous oxide biochemical effect on the cell?

Back 10

activation of guanylate cyclase, causing increased cyclic GMP and subsequently calcium sequestration, smooth muscle relaxation

Front 11

what is the other name for nitrous oxide?

Back 11

Endothelium derived relaxing factor, EDRF

Front 12

what does endothelin cause?

Back 12

vascular smooth muscle constriction

Front 13

what are the two main cytokines in injuries and infections?

Back 13

IL-1 and TNF alpha

Front 14

what cell predominantly releases IL-1 and TNF alpha?

Back 14

Macrophages

Front 15

which cytokine is responsible for fever?

Back 15

IL-1, by promoting PGE2 release, which raises the thermal setpoint in the hypothalamus

Front 16

what is the pathophysiology of fever in atelectasis?

Back 16

Secretion of IL-1 by alveolar macrophages

Front 17

which cytokine is responsible for cachexia?

Back 17

TNF alpha

Front 18

which cytokine is the most potent stimulus for hepatic acute phase protein release?

Back 18

IL-6

Front 19

wish to hepatic proteins are decreased in the acute phase response?

Back 19

Albumin and transferrin

Front 20

which sells predominantly release interferons?

Back 20

Lymphocytes

Front 21

what are the anti-inflammatory cytokines?

Back 21

IL-4, 10, 13

Front 22

what activates the classic component pathway?

Back 22

antibody antigen complexes, IgG and IgM only, which is why they are called opsonins

Front 23

which factors are only found in the classic complement pathway?

Back 23

C1, C2, and C4

Front 24

what activates the alternate complement pathway?

Back 24

bacterial endotoxins

Front 25

which factors are only found in the alternate complement pathway?

Back 25

factors B, D, and Properdin

Front 26

which factor marks the convergence point of both classic and alternative complement pathways?

Back 26

C3

Front 27

which complement factors are chemotactic and anaphylatoxins?

Back 27

C3 and C5

Front 28

which complement factor initiates the membrane attack complex?

Back 28

C5

Front 29

which complement factors make up the membrane attack complex?

Back 29

C5 through C9

Front 30

which electrolyte is required in the complement pathways?

Back 30

Magnesium

Front 31

ASA inhibits which enzyme?

Back 31

Cyclooxygenase

Front 32

all prostaglandins cause vasodilation except?

Back 32

PGF2

Front 33

steroids inhibit which enzyme?

Back 33

Phospholipase, which converts phospholipids to arachidonic acid

Front 34

which of the slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis?

Back 34

leukotrienes, LTC, LTD, and LTE

Front 35

which platelet granules contain adenosine, serotonin, and calcium?

Back 35

Dense granules

Front 36

which platelet granules contain lately derived growth factor PDGF and TGF-beta?

Back 36

Alpha granules

Front 37

when do catecholamines peak after injury?

Back 37

24 to 48 hours

Front 38

what role does thyroid hormone play in tissue injury?

Back 38

none

Front 39

what role do CXC chemokines play?

Back 39

chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and wound healing

Front 40

what does NADPH oxidase do?

Back 40

produce oxygen radicals from 02

Front 41

in which disease is NADPH oxidase absent?

Back 41

Chronic granulomatous disease, resulting in an inability of phagocytes to kill ingested pathogens

Front 42

what does super oxide dismutase do?

Back 42

Produce hydrogen peroxide from oxygen radicals

Front 43

what does myeloperoxidase do?

Back 43

produce hypochlorous acid HOCl from H2O2, hydrogen peroxide

Front 44

which enzyme reduces H2O2?

Back 44

Catalase reduces hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Front 45

with regards to cell adhesion, rolling is mediated by which leukocyte and endothelium receptors?

Back 45

Rolling is mediated by the binding of L-selectins on leukocytes to E-selectins on endothelium

Front 46

with regards to cell adhesion, anchoring and diapedesis is mediated by which leukocyte and endothelium receptors?

Back 46

Anchoring and diapedesis is mediated by the binding of integrins on leukocytes to ICAM on the endothelium