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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the morphologic diagnosis of placentitis that results in bovine abortion (in general)?
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Fibrin, pus, foci of hemorrhage, necrosis on surface
-May find increased firmness in some areas |
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What are 2 gross lesions of bovine placentitis that's severe enough to cause abortion?
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1) Thickened intercotyledonary areas, w/ loss of clarity
2) "cupping" of cotyledons |
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A bovine fetus was aborted and upon necropsy you find multifocal areas of hepatic necrosis, what's a differential?
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IBR
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A bovine fetus is aborted and has grey cutaneous plaques, what type of infectious agent is this associated with?
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Fungal
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A bovine fetus aborted and upon necropsy you see white streaks in the myocardium, what's a differential?
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Selenium deficiency
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About 1/3 of bovine abortions have a ______ etiology
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Infectious
<10%=non infectious |
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What are the top 5 causative agents of bovine abortion?
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Bacterial> protozoal >viral > fungal> ureaplasma
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Brucellosis is a cause of reproductive failure and causes abortion or birth of weak offspring. It also causes decreased male fertility due to _____ and _______.
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Epididymitis
Orchitis |
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Brucellosis commonly causes persistent infections with periodic shedding in _____ and ______.
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Milk and reproductive secretions
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Most Brucella species are zoonotic agents but B. ______ is not thought to be a zoonotic threat.
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Ovis
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What type of transmission is important for B. ovis, suis and canis?
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Venereal transmission
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Infectious abortion caused by B. abortus is called _____ disease.
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Bang's disease
-Cattle + other wildlife |
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What are the oxygen requirements of B. abortus? Where is it found?
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Facultative intracellular pathogen
Persists well in environment |
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How is B. abortus transmitted?
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Horizontal
Vertical possible but not common -Canids, scavengers may participate in spread |
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Is B. abortus a reportable disease?
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Yes
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What would we expect to see if B. abortus infected a herd in N. America?
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Abortion storms
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What are 2 lesions found in the dam who aborted due to B. abortus infection?
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1) Placentitis
-Usually w/ severe necrosis and abundant exudate 2) Metritis and retained placenta |
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The _____ test screens for IgA antibodies against B. abortus while the _____ test is a crude screen for serum antibodies.
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Milk ring test
Card |
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What are 5 bacterial causes of bovine abortion?
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1) B. abortus
2) Campylobacteriosis 3) Listeria monocytogenes 4) Leptospirosis 5) Foothills abortion agent |
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How is campylobacter transmitted to/from cattle?
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1 species spreads venereally
others=oral-hematogenous |
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What are 2 gross lesions of campylobacteriosis resulting in abortion?
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1) Placentitis
2) Fetal inflammation |
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What are 3 gross signs of listeriosis causing abortion?
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1) Maybe placentitis
2) Hepatic necrosis 3) Heavy bacterial growth is typical -Can be minimal lesions w/ bacti |
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A fetus that was aborted from listeriosis is usually expelled/ autolysed/ resorbed/ macerated?
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Autolysed
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What are 2 classic lesions of foothills abortion agent being the cause of bovine abortion?
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Granulomatous thymitis and lymphadenitis
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What are 2 protozoal causes of bovine abortion?
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Neospora caninum
Trichomoniasis |
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True or false. Neospora caninum infections generally result in bovine abortion.
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False, high frequency of in utero transmission (>80%) but abortion may not always result
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What is the result of a pregnant cow that contracts Neospora caninum?
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EED, mummification, 2nd or 3rd trimester abortion, congenital anomalies or NORMAL CALVES
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*What is the distinct microscopic lesion of Neospora caninum being the causative agent of bovine abortion?
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Foci of necrosis and inflammation of brain
-May see cysts in brain |
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Which trichomona is responsible for abortion?
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Trichomonas foetus
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Trichomoniasis is an STD and _______ are the main carrier w/ a 42% transmission rate.
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Older bulls
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How can you prevent the spread of Trichomoniasis?
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Swab for the carrier state
-Mainly older bulls=carrier |
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_______ inflammation in the female repro tract may last 6 months with Trichomoniasis infections.
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Low grade
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Trichomoniasis can cause EED, but ______ is more typical than abortion.
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Poor conception rate
-often pyometra, vaginal discharge -Low grade infections up to 6 months |
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Fungi result in ______ bovine abortions.
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Sporadic
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How do Aspergillus, Mucor, Rhiopus and absidia arrive in the bovine placenta?
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Hematogenously
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How does the placenta appear from a cow that aborted from fungal infection? Other gross lesions?
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leathery thick placenta, often concurrent amnionitis
-May see white/gray plaques on skin surface |
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True or false. BVDV is more important in abortions that infertility.
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False, more important cause of infertility and EED
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What are 2 potential modes of transmission of BVDV?
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Semen, ova
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Why is BVDV hard to diagnose?
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Consistent diagnostic lesions are lacking at both gross & microscopic levels
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When are fetal effects from BVDV observed?
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A few days to months later
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BVDV can have some similar effects as seen with ______.
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Other pestiviruses
-Border disease of sheep -Hog cholera of pigs |
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If there is bovine fetal infection ___-____ days of gestation there will be resorption, abortion or mummification. Can affect over 50% of cows in a naive herd.
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0-40 days
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If BVDV causes fetal infection at 40-120 days of gestation what are 3 possible outcomes of the fetus?
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1) Abortion
2) Weak stunted calf 3) Persistently infected calf |
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What are 4 possible outcomes of fetal infection with BVDV at 120-180 days of gestation?
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1) Congenital defects
2) Weak calves 3) Cataracts 4) Abortion |
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What are 2 possible outcomes of a fetus infected with BVDV after 180 days of gestation?
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1) Immunity
2) Abortion |
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What is the pattern of IBR infection and abortion in cattle? (i.e. transmission, course of infection)
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Contact transmission b/w cows w/ abortion 2-4 weeks later
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5-60% of naive cows abort from IBR infection and the fetus is usually autolysed in the______ trimester.
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Last trimester
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What are the gross lesions of IBR?
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Multifocal inflammation and necrosis of lung and liver
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Where do you see IBR inclusion bodies?
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Intranuclear inclusion bodies in adrenal gland
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What can cause IBR infections, resulting in abortion?
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Iatrogenic cases!
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*What is the most common cause of abortion in sheep in the united states?
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Campylobacteriosis
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*What is the most common cause of abortion in goats?
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Chlamydophilosis
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What is the result of pregnant animals infected with chlamydophilosis?
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Later term abortion, weak lambs
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What is the morphologic diagnosis of placentitis in goats with chlamydophilosis?
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Placentitis usually consists of reddish-brown exudate covering cotyledons and intercotyledonary areas.
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Abortion from Coxiellosis is similar to ______in many aspects but more common in goats.
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Enzootic abortion of ewes
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What are the fetal lesions associated with toxoplasmosis abortion?
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The fetal brain often has focal areas of nonsuppurative inflammation on histology
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What are the placental lesions associated with toxoplasmosis causing abortion?
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in a few cases there are distinct small white foci, 1-3 mm in diameter, in some cotyledons
-Granulomas **Spare intercotyledonary areas |
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*What is a classic gross lesions caused by campylobacter?
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Target lesions in the liver
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True or false. Non-infectious agents account for a large portion of equine abortions.
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True may account for nearly half
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*What are the 2 most important infections that result in equine abortion?
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EHV-1
Ascending bacterial infections |
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Examination of the placenta of what animal is critical?
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Equine
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What is an important non-infectious cause of equine abortion/stillbirth?
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Placental villous hypoplasia
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What is a common history of an equine viral Rhinopneumonitis abortion outbreak?
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Often follows introduction of a carrier horse
-Can be long lag b/w infection & abortion (2-12 weeks) |
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What is the causative agent of equine viral rhinopneumonitis abortion?
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EHV-1!!!
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What are the gross lesions of equine viral rhinopneumonitis?
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Focal necrosis in various tissues including *liver, lung
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Is there a vaccine available for EHV-1?
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Yes, prevents abortion in mares
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What family of viruses does equine viral arteritis belong to?
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Arterivirus
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How is equine viral arteritis transmitted?
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Venereal & respiratory transmission
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____can be long term carriers of equine viral arteritis.
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Stallions
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What is the "norm" for equine viral arteritis infections? (i.e. pattern of infection)
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Asymptomatic infections are common- disease tends to be seen in very old, very young or immunocompetent animals
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What are the clinical signs of equine viral arteritis in all animals?
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Fever, depression, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dependent edema, periorbital edema, sometimes hives
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What are 3 clinical signs of equine viral arteritis specific to males?
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Swollen scrotum
Decreased libido and fertility |
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What is a clinical sign of equine viral arteritis specific to mares?
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Abortion, stillbirth
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What is a clinical sign of equine viral arteritis specific to foals?
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Interstitial pneumonia/ enteritis
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What do you do if an animal is diagnosed with equine viral arteritis?
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Supportive care
Quarantine Infection stallions can only breed to vaccinated mares |
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What is a cause of equine abortion that is notifiable (not taylorella)?
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Equine viral arteritis
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How do you diagnose equine viral arteritis as the cause of abortion?
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Swabs, EDTA blood for culture/ PCR
--Appropriate screening prevents! |
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How does leptospirosis cause equine abortion?
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Placentitis
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What streptococcus is an important cause of equine abortion?
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Streptococcus zooepidemicus
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Although many infectious agents can cause porcine abortion, a high percentage are ______.
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Idiopathic
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What are 4 important infectious causes of porcine abortion?
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1) PRRS
2) Parvovirus 3) Pseudorabies 4) Hog cholera |
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*What is the result of the piglets porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome infection of a pregnant sow?
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May see weak piglets, abortions and mummies in same litter
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How do you diagnose PRRS?
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Sampling multiple fetuses
-No useful gross or histo lesions in fetuses |
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______ influences the PRRS vaccine efficacy.
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Strain variation
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Most camelid abortions are _____.
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Idiopathic
-Same w/ pigs |
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What part of the camelid placenta do you not want to sample when trying to obtain a diagnosis? Why?
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Medial aspect of placenta-lack of normal villi here
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What part of the camelid placenta do you not want to sample when trying to obtain a diagnosis? Why?
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Medial aspect of placenta-lack of normal villi here
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What is the fourth membrane in camelids known as?
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Epithelion
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What is the fourth membrane in camelids known as?
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Epithelion
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Why is a definitive diagnosis of abortion in dogs and cats difficult?
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Resorption or delayed expulsion of abortus
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Why is a definitive diagnosis of abortion in dogs and cats difficult?
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Resorption or delayed expulsion of abortus
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What are 2 important infectious agents that cause abortion in canines?
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1) Brucella canis
2) Canine herpesvirus |
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What are 2 important infectious agents that cause abortion in canines?
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1) Brucella canis
2) Canine herpesvirus |
