Abnormalities

Front 1

early lesion has unilateral, clear, yellow discharge & dry scaling crusts friable at nipple's apex. erythematous halo on areola. crusted, eczematous, retracted nip.

later lesion shows nipple reddened, excoriated, ulcerated, with bloody discharge when surface is eroded & erythematous plaque surrounding nip

Symp: tingling, burning, itching

Back 1

Paget's Disease (Intraductal Carcinoma)

Front 2

Common & not serious

one milk duct is clogged; one section of the breast is tender; reddened; no infection.

important to keep breast empty.

Back 2

Plugged Duct

Front 3

generalized infection (mastitis); pocket of pus accumulates in one local area; nipple edema; must discontinue nursing on affected breast; manually express milk and discard

treat with antibiotics, surgical incision, & drainage

Back 3

Breast abscess

Front 4

noninflammatory enlargement of male breast tissue; usually temporary duling puberty

also in aging males because of changing hormone levels

Back 4

Gynecomastia

Front 5

lesion is hard, non-tender, irregular, most usually under the areola; FIXED to the area; may have nipple retraction

Back 5

Carcinoma (Male)

Front 6

AP=Transverse diameter; ribs horizontal; assoc. with normal aging, chronic emphysema, & asthma as a result of hyperinflation of lungs

Back 6

Barrel chest

Front 7

sunken sternum & adjacent cartilages aka funnel breast; congenital - usually non symptomatic;

Back 7

Pectus Excavatum

Front 8

Forward protrusion of the sternum with ribs sloping back at either side & vertical depressions; requires no treatment. surgery if severe.

Back 8

Pectus carinatum

Front 9

S-shaped curvature of thoracic and lumbar spine; unequal/ asymmetrical bony landmarks of posterior back

Back 9

scoliosis

Front 10

aka hunchback; causes back pain and limited mobility; severe deformities impair cardiopulmonary function.

assoc. with aging >> postmenopausal, osteoporotic women

Back 10

kyphosis

Front 11

rapid shallow breathing; normal response to fever. fear, or exercise; also with respiratory insufficiency, pneumonia, alkalosis, pleurisy, and lesions in the pons.

Back 11

tachypnea

Front 12

slow breathing; decreased but regular rate; may be from drug-induced depression of resp. center in the medulla; increased intracranial pressure; & diabetic coma

Back 12

bradypnea

Front 13

respirations wax & wane in a regular pattern, increase in rate and depth and then decreasing

causes - severe heart failure, meningitis, drug overdose, increased intracranial pressure.

occurs normally in infants and aging persons during sleep.

Back 13

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Front 14

increase in both rate and depth; occurs with extreme exertion, fear, anxiety; also with diabetic ketoacidosis, etc.

blows off CO2 causing decreased pH in blood (alkalosis)

Back 14

hyperventilation

Front 15

irreg. shallow pattern -> overdose of narcotics or anesthetics; or with prolonged bedrest or conscious splinting of the chest to avoid respiratory pain.

Back 15

hypoventilation

Front 16

series of normal respirations followed by a period of apnea

seen with head trauma, brain abscess, heat stroke, spinal meningitis, & encephalitis

Back 16

Biot's respiration

Front 17

everted umbilicus, bulging flanks when supine. taut, glistening skin, weight gain, increased weight gain

excess fluid in the abdominal cavity

Back 17

Ascites

Front 18

occurs with fatty infiltration, portal obstruction or CIRRHOSIS, high obstruction of inferior vena cava & lymphocytic leukemia

Back 18

Enlarged liver

Front 19

suggests acute cholecystitis- inflammation of _____.

Back 19

Enlarged gallbladder

Front 20

aka splenoMEGALY that may occur with acute infections

Back 20

Enlarged spleen

Front 21

located below renal arteries & extend to the umbilicus; may be palpable; pulsating mass in the upper abdomen just to the L of midline; bruits

Back 21

Aortic aneurysm

Front 22

begins within 2-4 weeks of infection as a small, solitary papule that erodes to a red, round or oval, superficial ulcer with a yellowish serous discharge; STD

Back 22

Syphilitic chancre

Front 23

soft, pointed, moist, fleshy, painless papules may be single or multiple in a cauliflowerlike patch; caused by HPV virus

Back 23

genital warts

Front 24

begins as red, raised warty growth, or as an ulcer with watery discharge; may further necrose and slough; almost always on glans or inner lip of foreskin; and following chronic inflammation

Back 24

carcinoma of the penis

Front 25

infection of the urethra causes painful, burning urination; meatus edges are reddened, everted, and swollen; purulent urethral discharge; urine is cloudy with discharge & mucous shreds.

Back 25

urethritis

Front 26

foreskin cannot be retracted over glans

Back 26

phimosis

Front 27

foreskin is retracted and fixed; cannot return to original position

Back 27

paraphimosis

Front 28

urethral meatus opens on the ventral (under) side of glans or shaft

Back 28

hypospadias

Front 29

urethral meatus opens on the dorsal (upper) side of glans or shaft

Back 29

epispadias

Front 30

pinpoint, constricted opening at meatus or inside along urethra

Back 30

urethral stricture

Front 31

prolonged painful erection of penis without sexual desire; rare condition occurs with sickle cell trait or disease;

Back 31

priapism

Front 32

empty scrotal half; absent testis; undescended testis

Back 32

cryptorchidism

Front 33

excruciating pain in testicle of sudden onset; red swollen scrotum; chord feels thick, swollen, tender; cremasteric reflex is absent

Back 33

testicular torsion

Front 34

testes feel like a "bag of worms;" caused by dilated varicose veins in the spermatic cord due to incompetent valves within the vein which permit reflux of blood

Back 34

Varicocele

Front 35

nontender swelling of testes; caused by accumulating fluid

Back 35

hydrocele

Front 36

nontender swelling of scrotum

Back 36

scrotal hernia

Front 37

hair-containing cyst or sinus located in the midline over coccyx or lower sacrum

Back 37

Pilonidal cyst or sinus

Front 38

painful longitudinal tear in the superficial mucosa at the anal margin; frequently accompanied by sentinel tag - hyperplastic skin papule

Back 38

fissure

Front 39

perianal itching; red, raised thick, excoriated skin around the anus.

causes: pinworms & fungal infections

Back 39

pruritus ani

Front 40

localized cavity of pus from infection in a pararectal space; characterized by persistent throbbing rectal pain

Back 40

abscess

Front 41

collection of hard dessicated feces in the rectum; from decreased bowel motility

Back 41

fecal impaction

Front 42

malignant neoplasm in the rectum; asymptomatic; early lesion may be a FIRM nodule

Back 42

ractal carcinoma

Front 43

enlargement of prostate; Signs & symptoms :urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, straining to urinate, weak stream, intermittent stream, sensation of incomplete emptying, nocturia

Back 43

Benign Prostatic Hypertophy

Front 44

inflammation of the prostate; signs and symp: fever, shills, malaise, uri. frequency & urgency, dysuria, urethral discharge, dull, aching pain in perineal and rectal area

Back 44

prostatitis

Front 45

malignant neoplasm in the prostate that starts off as a single HARD nodule; signs and symp: frequency, nocturia, hematuria, weak stream, hesitancy, pain or burning on urination, continuous pain in lower back, pelvis, thighs.

Back 45

Prostate Carcinoma

Front 46

episodes of local pain, dysuria, fever; clusters of small shallow vesicles with surrounding erythema, erupt on genital areas and inner thighs; vesicles leave painful ulcers.

initial infection lasts 7-10 days; VIRUS remains dormant indefinitely

Back 46

herpes simplex virus type 2 (herpes genitalis)

Front 47

painless warty growths; pink or flesh colored, soft, pointed, moist, warty papules; common among sexually active women; Risk factors: early menarche & multiple sex partners; abnormal cervical cytology

Back 47

HPV aka genital warts

Front 48

uterus protrudes into vagina

Back 48

uterine prolapse

Front 49

bluish dicoloration of the mucosa of the cervix; normal for pregnancy; may also occur with hypoxia or venous congestion (heart failure, pelvic tumor)

Back 49

Bluish cervix - cyanosis

Front 50

bleeding between menses or after menopause; unusual vaginal discharge; chronic ulcer.

Risk factor: early age at first intercourse; multiple sex partners, cig smoking, certain STDs

Back 50

cervical cancer

Front 51

intense itching; thick whitish discharge; vulva and vagina are erythematous & edematous.

predisposing causes: use of oral contraceptives or antibiotics, more alkaline vaginal pH (with menses, postpartum, menopause) also pregnancy from increased glycogen and diabetes

Back 51

candidiasis (moniliasis)