Abnormal Psychology Test #2

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Situational predisposed panic attack

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person has a tendency to have a panic attack in the situation but does not have one every time

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3. Situational bound panic attack

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experience a panic attack in anticipation of confronting a particular situation or immediately following exposure to a specific stimulus or cue in the environment.

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3. Anxiety sensitivity theory

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people with panic disorder tend to interpret cognitive and somatic manifestation of stress and anxiety in a catastrophic manner.

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1. Conditioned fear reactions

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: the individual associates certain bodily sensations with memories of the last panic attack, causing a full-blown panic attack to develop even before measurable biological changes have occurred.

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1. Systemic desensitization

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rest on the premise that an individual can best overcome maladaptive anxiety by approaching feared stimuli gradually, while in a relaxed state.

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2. Flooding

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the client is total immersed in the sensation of anxiety, rather than being more gradually acclimated to the feared situation.

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3. Imaginal flooding

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listen to someone read several vivid descriptions of the fear.

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4. Graduated exposure

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clients initially confront situations that cause only minor anxiety and then gradually progress toward those that cause greater anxiety

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i. Generalized anxiety disorder

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anxiety is not associated with a particular object, situation, or event but seems to be a constant feature of a person’s day-to-day existence.

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i. Obsession

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is a persistent and intrusive idea, thought, impulsive, or image.

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ii. Compulsion

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is a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior performed in response to uncontrolled urges or according to a rituastilic or stereotyped set of rules

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iii. Four major dimensions of OCD

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1. Obsessions associated with checking compulsions
2. Needs to have symmetry and to put things in order
3. Obsessions about cleanliness associated compulsion with to wash
4. Hoarding-related behaviors

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i. Acute stress disorder

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the individual develops feelings of intense fear, helplines or horror.

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i. “Intrusions and avoidance

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intrusive thoughts, recurrent dreams, flashback, hyperactivity to cues of the trauma, and avoidance of thoughts or reminders

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ii. “Hyperarousal and numbing”

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symptoms that involve detachment, a loss of interest in everyday activates, sleep disturbance, irritability, and a sense of a foreshortened future.

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i. Somatoform Disorders

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a variety of conditions in which psychological conflicts become translated into physical problems or complaints that cause distress or impairment in a persons life

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i. Conversion Disorder

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: involved this translation of unacceptable drives or troubling conflicts into bodily motor or sensory symptoms that suggest a neurological or other kind of medical condition.

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i. Somatization Disorder

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Involved the expression of psychological issues through bodily problems that cannot be explained by any known medical condition or is being due to the effects of a substance

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iii. Pain Disorder

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a somatoform disorder in which the only symptom is pain that have no physiological basis

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i. Hypochondriasis

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believe or fear that they have a serious illness, when in fact they are merely experiencing normal bodily reaction.

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i. Malingering

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deliberately feigning the symptoms of physical illness or psychological disorder for an ulterior motive

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ii. Factitious Disorder

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people fake symptoms or disorders, not for the purpose of any particular gain but because of an inner need to maintain a sick role

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iii. Munchausen’s syndrome

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involved chronic cases in which the individual’s whole life becomes consumed with the pursuit of medical care

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a. Dissociative Identify Disorder

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i. The assumption is that a person develops more than one self or personality. These personalities are referred to as alters, in contrast to the core personality, host.

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ii. Sociocognitive model for dissociative identity disorder

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according to his model, clients enact roles they feel are demanded by the therapeutic situation. Social attention to the condition, along with unintentional prompting by the therapist, can lead vulnerable individuals to develop this condition.

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1. Situational Molesters

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: have a history of normal sexual development and interest; as adults, they are primarily interested in relationships with other adults. However in certain context, such as a stressful time they are

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2. Preference molester

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pedophilic behavior is ingrained into his personality and life style, and he has a clear preference for children, especially boys

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3. Child Rapist

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: is a violent child abuser whose behavior is an expression of hostel desires.

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4. “Victim-to-abuser-cycle

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leads childhood victims of sexual abuse to perpetrate similar acts of sexual abuse when they reach adulthood

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i. Major depressive disorder

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: involved acute, but time-limited, periods of depressive symptoms which are called major depressive episodes

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ii. Dysthymic disorder

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struggle with more chronic but less sever depression

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1. Melancholic features

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lose interest in most activities or find it difficult to react to events in their lives that would customarily bring pleasure

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i. Bipolar disorder

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involved an intense and very disruptive experience of extreme elation, or euphoria, possibly alternating with major depressive episodes

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ii. Manic Episode

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a full blown expression of extreme symptoms involving abnormally heightened levels of thinking, behavior, and emotionally that cause impairment in social and occupational functioning

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iv. Cyclothymic disorder

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alteration between Dysphoria and briefers, less intense, and less disruptive states of euphoria

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1. Bipolar I disorder

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: a clinical course in which the individual experiences one or more manic episodes with the possibility, though not the necessity, of having experienced one or more major depressive episode

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2. Bipolar II disorder

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the individual has had one or more depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode

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c. Cyclothymic disorder

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1. Mood shifts exhibit are unusually dramatic and recurrent, though not as intense as the experienced by people with bipolar disorder

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1. Catecholamine hypothesis

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asserted that relative shortages of norepinephrine causes depression and an overabundance of norepinephrine causes mania

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2. Indoleamine hypothesis

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states that a defiency of serotonin contributes to the behaviors symptoms

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b. Cognitive Distortions
i. Overgeneralizing

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if its true on one case, it applies to any case that is even slightly similar

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b. Cognitive Distortions
ii. Selective abstraction

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the only events that the person takes seriously are those that represent failures, deprivation, loss, or frustration.

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b. Cognitive Distortions
iii. Excessive Responsibility:

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: I am responsible for all the bad things that happen to me or others to whom im close

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b. Cognitive Distortions
iv. Catastrophizing

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Always thinking the worst and being certain that it will happen

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b. Cognitive Distortions
v. Dichotomous Thinking

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Seeing everything as either one extreme or another rather than as mixed or between

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1. Interpersonal therapy

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is a time limited form of psychotherapy for treating people with major depressive disorder, based on the assumption that interpersonal stress induces an episode of depression in a person who is genetically vulnerable to this disorder

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i. Cogitative restructuring (5)

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1. Client identifies and monitors dysfunctional automatic thoughts
2. Client learns to recognize connection between thoughts, emotions and actions
3. Client evaluates the reasonable of the automatic thoughts
4. Client learns to substitute more reasonable thoughts
5. Client must identify and alter dysfunctional assumptions

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b. Phases of Schizophrenia
i. Active phase

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during a 6 month period with symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disturbed behavior

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b. Phases of Schizophrenia
ii. Prodromal phase

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a period prior to the active phase during which the individual shows progressive deterioration in social and interpersonal functioning

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b. Phases of Schizophrenia
iii. Residual phase

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there are continuing indication of disturbance similar to the behaviors in the prodromal phase

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iv. Positive symptoms

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exaggerations or distortions of normal thoughts, emotions, and behavior.

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i. Disturbance of thought content: delusions

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1. Delusions or deeply entrenched false beliefs are the most common disturbance of thought content associated with schizophrenia

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ii. Disturbance in perception: Hallucinations

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1. False perceptions involving one of the five senses. Although hallucinations do not correspond to actual stimuli, they are real to the person.

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iii. Disturbance of thinking, language, and communication: disorganized speech

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1. People with this have such disorganized cognitive processes that their thinking may lack cohesiveness and logic.

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1. Catatonic state

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: is a state of being unresponsive to external stimuli, possibly to the point of being unaware of ones surroundings.

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2. Catatonic rigidity

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stiffened posturing of the body and resistance to pressure to move

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3. Catatonic Excitement

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involved apparently purposeless and repetitive body movementsv.

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v. Negative symptoms

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those that involve functioning below the level of behavior regarded as normal

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1. Affective flattening

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an individual seems unresponsive with relatively motionless body language and facial reactions and minimal eye contact

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2. Alogia

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is a loss of words or notable lack of spontaneity or responsiveness in conversation

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3. Avolition

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lack of initiative and unwillingness to act

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4. Anhedonia

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a loss of interest in or ability to experience pleasure from activities that most people find appealing

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d. Types of Schizophrenia
Catatonic type

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prominent symptom is bizarre motor behaviors

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d. Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized type

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combination of symptoms, including disorganized speech, disturbed behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect.

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d. Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid type

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preoccupied with one or more bizarre delusions or have auditory hallucinations related to a theme of being persecuted or harassed, but without disorganized speech or disturbed behavior

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d. Types of Schizophrenia
Undifferentiated type

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a person shows a complex of schizophrenic symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, and disturbed behavior, but does not meet the criteria for the other type.

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d. Types of Schizophrenia
Residual Type

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When a person retains some symptoms, such as emotional dullness, social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, or illogical thinking

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1. Cortical Atrophy

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: a wasting away of brain tissue due to ventricular enlargement

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2. Dopamine hypothesis

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the delusions, hallucinations, and attention deficits found in these patients can be attributed to an overactive of neurons that communicate with each other via transmission of dopamine

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ii. Smooth pursuit eye movement

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participants visually follow a target, such as a small point of light, on a dark background.

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iii. Sustained attention:

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involve having the person being tested make a response when a certain target