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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
symptoms of PTSD
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- Person continues to re-experience event
- View event as outside their control - Avoidance of cues that serve as reminders of the traumatic event - Emotional numbing and interpersonal problems - Physiological hyperarousal - Markedly interferes with one’s ability to functions |
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How is PTSD similar to other anxiety disorders with regard to criteria?
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- Requires exposure to an event resulting in extreme fear, helplessness, or horror
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What plays a role in the development of PTSD?
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- lack of social support
- direct conditioning and observational learning - uncontrollability and unpredictability - trauma intensity |
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compulsions
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thoughts or actions to suppress the thoughts and provide relief
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obsessions
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intrusive and nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that one tries to resist or eliminate
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symptoms of OCD
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- Causes anxiety if rituals aren’t performed
- Thought-action fusion (view the thought of an action just as bad as the action itself) - Recognize rituals are nonsensical and irrational |
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risks for development of OCD
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- Most people with OCD are female
- Onset is typically in early adolescence or young adulthood - Tends to be chronic - Caused by early life experiences and learning that some thoughts are dangerous/unacceptable |
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treatment of OCD
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- Clomipramine and other SSRIs
- Relapse is common with medication discontinuation - Psychosurgery is used in extreme cases - Cognitive-behavioral therapy is most effective (involves exposure and response prevention) - Combining medication with CBT does not work as well as CBT alone |
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Hypochondriasis Features
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- Physical complaints without a clear cause
- Severe anxiety focused on the possibility of having or developing a serious disease - Medical reassurance doesn’t seem to help |
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Hypochondriasis Causes
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- Cognitive perceptual distortions
- Familial history of illness |
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Hypochondriasis Treatment
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- Challenge illness-related misinterpretations
- Provide more substantial and sensitive reassurance - Stress management and coping strategies |
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Clinical description of somatization disorder
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- Extended history of physical complains before age 30
- ***Concerned over the symptoms themselves, not what they might mean, as in the case with hypochondriasis - Symptoms become the person’s identity - Numerous visits to physicians |
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Features of conversion disorder
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- Physical malfunctioning without any physical or organic pathology (ex: losing sight due to trauma)
- Persons show “la belle indifference” (indifference to the loss of functioning, especially over time) - Internal conflict so overwhelming that the person unconsciously represses it and it turns into a physical symptom (akin to stress and headaches, zits) - Retain most normal functions |
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Treatment of conversion disorder
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- Remove sources of secondary gain and supportive consequences of talk about physical symptoms
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Features of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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- Involves adoption of several new identities
- Identities display unique sets of behaviors, voice, and posture - Defining feature is dissociation of certain aspects of personality - Formerly known as multiple personality disorder |
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Unique Aspects of DID
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- Alters – Refers to the different identities or personalities in DID
- Host – The identity that seeks treatment and tries to keep identity fragments together - Switch – Often instantaneous transition from one personality to another |
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Causes of Somatization Disorder
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- Familial history of illness
- Weak behavioral inhibition system |
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T/F
Most depressed persons are not anxious |
False
most depressed are anxious |
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T/F
Stress is strongly related to mood disorders |
True
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Features of major depression
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- Extremely depressive mood state lasting at least 2 weeks
- Feelings of worthless, indecisiveness - Vegetative or somatic symptoms (central to the disorder!) - Anhedonia (loss of pleasure/interest in usual activities) - There is a relationship between depression and sleep (enter REM sleep quicker, deeper). - Single episodes highly unusual; recurrent episodes more common |
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Etiology of Major depression
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- High genetic component
- Tend to run in families, highest in bipolar disorder - Concordance rates for mood disorders are high in identical twins - Heritability rates are higher for females compared to males - Mood disorders are related to low levels of serotonin |
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Dysthymia Features
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- Persistant depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years
- Symptoms can persist unchanged over long periods - Symptoms of depression are milder than major depression |
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What's age is considered late onset of dysthymia?
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early 20s
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Early onset of dysthymia...
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before 21
- greater chronicity - poorer prognosis |
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Bipolar I Disorder
- what? - medicine? |
- Alternations between full manic episodes and depressive episodes
- Lithium is primary drug of choice for bipolar disorders. Prescribing an anti-depressant alone can trigger a manic episode. |
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Bipolar II Disorder
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Alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
(Hypomania – similar to mania, but less severe) |
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Cyclothymic disorder
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- Chronic, low-grade bipolar disorder
- must experience numerous hypomanic episodes and numerous periods of depression for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents) Must be no history of major depression High risk for developing bipolar I or II disorder Cyclothymia tends to be chronic and lifelong. Most are female. Average age on onset is early adolescence (12 to 14 years of age) |
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Types of DSM-IV depressive disorders
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major depressive disorder
dysthymic disorder double depression |
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Types of DSM-IV bipolar disorders
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Bipolar I
Bipolar II Cyclothymic disorder |
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Manic episodes, people...
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People do very risky things such as quit a job, get a divorce, take out all money, wtc so when they are in the depressive mood they are severely depressed and think about suicide
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T/F
Most anxious people are not depressed |
True
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Internal attributions
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negative outcomes are one’s own fault (ex: “I failed because I’m stupid.”)
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Stable attributions
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believing future negative outcomes will be one’s own fault (ex: “Negative events will continue to happen and continue to be my fault.”
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Global attribution
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believing negative events will disrupt many life activities (ex: “These budget cuts will really affect my life.”
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Two types of cognitive errors
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Arbitrary interference
Overgeneralization |
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Arbitrary interference
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overemphasize the negative (discount positives)
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Overgeneralization
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generalize negatives to all aspects of a situation (ex: “I suck for missing those 2 even though I got an A.”)
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Medication for mood disorders
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- Tricyclic medications - Block reuptake or norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters
- Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors – block monoamine oxidase (an enzyme that breaks down serotonin/ norepinephrine); slightly more effective than tricyclics - Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) – specifically block reuptake of serotonin (ex: Zoloft, Prozac); pose no unique risk of suicide or violence |
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Psychological treatment of mood disorders
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- Cognitive therapy – addresses cognitive errors in thinking; can be just as effective if not more as/than medicine
- Interpersonal psychotherapy – focuses on problematic interpersonal relationships |
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Suicide: Facts
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- 8th leading cause of death in the United States
- Overwhelmingly a white and Native American phenomenon - Suicide rates are increasing, particularly in adolescents - Gender differences: 3:1 ------Males are more successful at committing suicide -------Females attempt suicide more often - Suicide in the family increases risk - Psychological disorder, low serotonin levels (depression), experience of a shameful/humiliating stressor, publicity about suicide and media coverage increase risk - Past suicidal behavior increases subsequent risk |
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Features of Bulimia Nervosa
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- Most are over concerned with body shape, fear gaining weight
- Most have co-morbid psychological disorders - Most are within 10% of target body weight - Binge eating (Eating is perceived as uncontrollable) - Compensatory behaviors |
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Subtypes of Bulimia Nervose
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- Purging (most common) - vomiting, laxatives)
- Nonpurging – excess exercise, fasting |
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Features of Anorexia Nervosa
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- Severe weight loss; intense fear of obesity and losing control over eating
- Show a relentless pursuit of thinness, often beginning with dieting - 15% below expected weight - Most show marked disturbance in body image and are co - morbid for other psychological disorders |
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Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa
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- Restricting – limit caloric intake via diet and fasting
- Binge-eating-purging – 50% of anorexics |
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Etiology of Anorexia Nervosa
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- Majority are female and while, from middle- to upper- middle class families; average intelligence
- Likely to come from competitive environments |
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Pica
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repetitive eating of inedible substances
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Rumination disorder
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Chronic regurgitation and re-swallowing of partially digested food
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Causes of Bulimia/Anorexia
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- cultural imperative for thinness translates into dieting
- low sense of personal control and self-confidence - food restriction often leads to a preoccupation with food |
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What affects males' sexual lifestyle
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social status set for men
- sex for fun or in committed relationships |
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T/F
Females have more sexual partners than males |
False
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Gender Identity Disorder
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- Person feels trapped in the body of the wrong sex, assume the identity of the other sex, but the goal is not sexual
- Causes are unclear, develops between 18 months and 3 years of age |
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Fetishism
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Sexual attraction to nonliving objects
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Transvestic Fetishism
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- Sexual arousal with the act of cross-dressing
- Males may show highly masculinized compensatory behaviors (most don’t show compensatory behaviors) - Many are married and the behavior is known to spouse/partner |
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Sexual Masochism
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Suffer pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification
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Sexual sadism
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Inflicting pain or humiliation to attain sexual gratification
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Voyeurism
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- Practice of observing an unsuspecting individual undressing or naked
- Risk associated with "peeping' is necessary for sexual arrousal |
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Frotteurism
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- Rubs themselves against unsuspecting victims
- In most cases, victim doesn't realize |
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Exhibitionism
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- Exposure of genitals to unsuspecting strangers
- element of thrill and risk is necessary for sexual arrousal |
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Premature ejaculation
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- Ejaculation occurring before the man or partner wants it to
- Most prevalent sexual dysfunction in adult males - Common in younger, inexperienced males Treatment - squeeze technique |
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Sexual desire disorder
(Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder) |
-Little or no desire in any type of sexual activity
- masturbation, sexual fantasies, and intercourse are rare Treatment - exposure to erotic material |
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Female orgasm disorder
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inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate sexual desire or arousal
Treatment - training |
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Sexual aversion disorder
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Little interest in sex
- Extreme fear, panic, or disgust related to physical or sexual contact |
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Dyspareunia
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Extreme pain during intercourse
(rule out medical reasons for pain) |
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Vaginismus
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Outer 3rd of vagina undergoes involuntary spasms
Treatment - use of dilators |
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Male erectile disorder
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Difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection
treatment -- viagra, levitra -- inject vasodilation drugs -- penile prosthesis or implants -- vascular surgery -- vacuum device therapy |