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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DSM-IV-TR
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The current diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
Been revised five times since 1952 Provides a summary of new research findings on the prevalence rates, course, and etiology Five axes of classification |
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Axis IV
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The physician codes psychosocial problems that may contribute to the disorder
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Axis IV characteristics
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Problems with primary support group
Problems related to the social environment Educational problem Occupational problem Housing problem Economic problem Problems with access to health care Problems related to interaction with the legal system/crime Other psychosocial and environmental problems |
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TAT test
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Thematic Apperception Test
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes A person is shown a series of black and white pictures one by one and asked to tell a story related to each The construct validity of the test is limited |
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IQ scores
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A way of assessing a persons current mental ability.
Based on the assumption that a detailed sample of a persons current intellectual functioning can predict how well they will perform in school Most are individually administered are standardized used to also diagnose learning disabilities used to determine mental retardation and also giftedness tests involved use of language skills, abstract thinking, nonverbal reasoning, visual spatial skills, attention and concentration, and speed of processing 100 is mean score |
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Diathesis Stress Theory
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A view that assumes that individuals predisposed toward a particular mental disorder will be particularly affected by stress and will then manifest abnormal behavior
An integrative model that links genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors. Introduced in 1970s as a way to account for the multiple causes of schizophrenia. most of the time refers to a predisposition Key point is that both Diathesis and stress are necessary for the development of disorders. |
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Clinical Interviews
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Conversation between a clinician and a patient that is aimed at determining diagnosis, history, causes for problems, and possible treatment options.
Interview pays close attention to how respondent answers questions. The clinician will be attentive to any emotion accompanying the comments Great skill is necessary |
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Structured Interviews
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Interview in which the questions are set out in a prescribed fashion for the interviewer.
Uses Axis 1 of DSM IV A branching interview in which the clients answer to one question determines the next question that is asked. Most symptoms rated on three point scale of severity. Contains detailed instructions for when and how to probe in detail and when to go on to other questions |
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Construct Validity
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The extent to which scores or ratings on an assessment instrument relate to other variables or behaviors according to some theory or hypothesis.
Looks at a wide variety of data from multiple sources Related to theory Centrally important to diagnostic categories |
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Psychopharacology
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Effects of drugs on mental control supports biochemical model
Phenothizines reduce symptoms of Schizophrenia Valium and Xanax reduce symptoms of anxiety… |
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Mesmer
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Austrian physician practicing in Vienna and Paris in the late eighteenth century, believed that hysteria was caused by a particular distribution of a universal magnetic fluid in the body. Felt one person could influence the fluid of another to bring about a change in the others behavior.
Conducted meetings cloaked in mystery and mysticism, at which afflicted patients sat around a covered wooden tub with protruding iron rods. Regarded hysteria as having strictly biological causes One of the earliest practitioners of modern day hypnosis Came to be regarded as a quack by his contemporaries Disorders where physical functioning is changed or lost without physical cause (ex. Hysterical blindness) |
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Defense Mechanisms
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The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Most important is Repression which is the process of pushing impulses and thoughts unacceptable to the ego into the unconscious. Repression used most often |
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Regression
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Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Reaction Formation
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Defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
People may express feelings that are the OPPOSITE of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
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Projection
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Defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Rationalization
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Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions
Making excuses that sound very good! |
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Displacement
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Defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
As when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
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Assessment
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ADE allows persons to record and rate their daily experiences so that researchers can trace whether day to day stressors predict changes in symptoms
An evaluation of someone or something |
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MMPI-2
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
A lengthy personality inventory that identifies individuals with states such as anxiety, depression, masculinity-femininity, and paranoia, through their true-false replies of groups of statements. Developed in early 1940s by Hathaway and Mckinley and revised in 1989. |
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Phileppe Pinel
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Who Professor thinks is best
A primary figure in the movement for humanitarian treatment of people with mental illness in asylums. Patients who were incarcerated for years were apparently restored to healthy and even discharged from hospital Came to believe that patients in his were and foremost human beings, and thus, these people should be approached with compassion and understanding and treated with dignity as. |
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Benjamin Rush
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Began practicing medicine in philadelphia in 1769 and is considered the father of american psychiatry
Believed that mental disorder was caused by an excess of blood in the brain for which his favored treatment was to draw great quantities of blood from disordered individuals Believed that many people with mental illness could be cured by being frightened |
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemical substances important in transferring a nerve impulse from one neuron to another.
Examples are serotonin and norepinephrine Are synthesized in the neuron through a series of metabolic steps, beginning with an amino acid. |
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Internal Consistency
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Assesses whether the items on a test are related to one another.
For example one would expect items on an anxiety questionnare to correlate with one another. |
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Kraeplin
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Wrote first textbook which argues that mental illness could be classified (precursor to DSM) and physical factors led to mental dysfunction
Proposed two major groups of severe mental illnesses: dementia praecox (an early term for schizophrenia) and manic depressive psychosis (an early term for bipolar disorder) |
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SSRI's
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Any of various drugs that inhibit the presynaptic reputake of the neurotransmitter serotonin, therby prolonging its effects on postsynaptic neurons
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Trephining
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Stone was used to put a hole in the skull so that spirits could escape
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Szasz
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Argues that it is impractical and immoral to prevent suicide.
I think is against involuntary hospitalization. He is a well-known social critic of the moral and scientific foundations of psychiatry |
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Syndromes
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Clinical syndromes are disorders of phenotype, not the genotype
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Reliability
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The extent to which a test, measurement, or classification system produces the same scientific observation each time it is applied.
Reliability types include test-retest, interrater, split haf, alternate form, and internal consistency |
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Psychoanalysts
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Primarily the therapy procedures pioneered by Freud, entailing free association, dream analysis, and working through the transference neurosis. More recently the term has come to encompass the numerous variations ob basic Freudian therapy
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EEG
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Electroencephalogram
A graphic recording of electrical activity of the brain, usually of the cerebral cortex, but sometimes of lower areas. Used to measure attention and alertness Electrodes placed on the scalp record electrical activity in the underlying brain activity |
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MRI
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Magnetic resonance imaging
A technique for measuring the structure of the living brain. The person is placed inside a large circular magnet that causes hydrogen atoms to move. Has allowed doctors to locate delicate brain tumors. No radiation |
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Syndromes
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Clinical syndromes are disorders of phenotype, not the genotype
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Reliability
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The extent to which a test, measurement, or classification system produces the same scientific observation each time it is applied.
Reliability types include test-retest, interrater, split haf, alternate form, and internal consistency |
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Psychoanalysts
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Primarily the therapy procedures pioneered by Freud, entailing free association, dream analysis, and working through the transference neurosis. More recently the term has come to encompass the numerous variations ob basic Freudian therapy
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Medications for Depression
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MAO inhibitors, Tricyclic antidepressants, and SSRI's
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MAO inhibitors
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Monamine oxidase
A group of antidepressant drugs that prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from deactivating catecholamines and indoalmines |
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Tricyclic antidepressants
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A group of antidepressants with molecular structures characterized by three fused rings; interfere with the reputake of norepinephrine and serotonin
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Major models of Psychology
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Biological
Psychoanalytic Humanistic Existential Behavioral Cognitive Sociocultural |
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Major models of Psychology
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Biological
Psychoanalytic Humanistic Existential Behavioral Cognitive Sociocultural |
