Abnormal Psychology - Substance Abuse

Front 1

What is Substance Abuse?

Back 1

A pattern of abuse associated with interference in fulfilling obligations
Use of a drug in dangerous situations
Legal difficulties connected with drug use

Front 2

What is Poly-Substance Abuse?

Back 2

People with substance abuse disorders frequently abuse more than one drug

Front 3

What is Substance Dependence?

Back 3

Repeated use of a drug that often results in tolerance, withdrawal, or compulsive drug taking behavior

Front 4

What is Addiction?

Back 4

Older term used to describe problems such as alcoholism, now replaced by substance dependence

Front 5

What are the 7 types of drugs of abuse?

Back 5

1. Chemical substances
2. CNS depressants
3. CNS stimulants
4. Opiates
5. Cannabis
6. Hallucinogens
7. Solvents

Front 6

What are the 4 concepts associated with dependence?

Back 6

1. Craving / Psychological Dependence
2. Diminished
3. Tolerance
4. Withdrawal

Front 7

What is Craving / Psychological Dependence?

Back 7

people take the drug to control how they feel, to relieve negative mood states, to prepare for certain activites

Front 8

What is Diminished Control?

Back 8

Increasing dependence associated with abuse; person has less "freedom of choice" about using the drug

Front 9

What is Tolerance?

Back 9

Nervous system becomes less sensitive to the effects of any substance
Increased quantities needed to achieve the same effect

Front 10

What is Withdrawal?

Back 10

Symptoms experienced when a person stops using a drug; most severe for alcohol, opioids, and sedatives/hypnotic

Front 11

How does the DSM-IV-TR define Substance Abuse?

Back 11

- Recurrent use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations
- Recurrent substance-related problems
- Continued use despite problems caused or exacerbated by the substance effects

Front 12

How does the DSM-IV-TR define Substance Dependence?

Back 12

- Tolerance
- Withdrawal
- Substance taken in larger amounts over longer intended period
- Persistent desire, unsuccessful effort, to control use
- Important activities are reduced, given up, due to use
- Use is continued despite knowledge of problems caused/exacerbated by use

Front 13

What is type I Alcoholism?

Back 13

- Later onset
- Prominent psychological dependence
- Absence of antisocial personality traits

Front 14

What is type II Alcoholism?

Back 14

- Almost exclusively found in men
- Earlier onset
- Associated with persistent antisocial behaviors

Front 15

What are 3 types of alcoholism treatment?

Back 15

1. Pharmaceuticals
2. Self-help groups
3. Cognitive-behavior therapy

Front 16

What is Naltrexone used for?

Back 16

To decrease endogenous opioid system's response to alcohol

Front 17

What is Acamptosate used for?

Back 17

Appears to facilitate both decrease alcohol intake and abstinence

Front 18

What are the 3 Cognitive-Behavior Therapies?

Back 18

1. Coping Skills
2. Relapse Prevention
3. Short-term prevention

Front 19

What are the 6 symptoms of alcoholism?

Back 19

1. Slurred speech
2. In-coordination
3. Unsteady gait
4. Nystagmus
5. Impaired attention/memory
6. Stupor or coma

Front 20

What are the consequences of prolonged alcohol abuse?

Back 20

- Harm to fetus, if pregnant
- Blackouts
- Legal problems
- Health problems

Front 21

What are the ways of taking substances from least to most potent?

Back 21

1. Oral
2. Nasal
3. Smoking
4. Non-IV injection
5. IV injection

Front 22

What does the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine effect?

Back 22

- Enables muscle action
- Learning
- Memory

Front 23

What does the neurotransmitter Dopamine effect?

Back 23

- Movement
- Learning
- Attention
- Emoition

Front 24

What does the neurotransmitter Serotonin effect?

Back 24

- Mood
- Hunger
- Sleep
- Arousal

Front 25

What does the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine effect?

Back 25

- Control alertness
- Control arousal

Front 26

What kind of drug is Nicotine?

Back 26

A stimulant

Front 27

What are some of the short-term effects of Nicotine?

Back 27

- Increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Stimulates release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
- Binds to receptors for acetylcholine

Front 28

What are some consequences of prolonged Nicotine abuse?

Back 28

- Tolerance/Withdrawal symptoms
- Psychologically, it is as difficult to withdraw from nicotine as heroin

Front 29

What kind of drug is Amphetamines and Cocaine?

Back 29

A stimulant

Front 30

What are some short-term effects of Amphetamines and Cocaine?

Back 30

- Increase in heart rate and blood pressure
- Decrease in need for sleep
- Euphoria, change in sociability, anxiety, anger impaired judgment
- Tolerance build quickly

Front 31

What are some of the consequences of prolonged use and abuse of Amphetamines and Cocaine?

Back 31

- Can lead to the onset of psychosis
- Withdrawal consistent of a depressed state

Front 32

What are short-term effects of Opiates?

Back 32

- Dreamlike euphoria
- Brief, intense feeling of pleasure
- Pain relief

Front 33

What are the consequences of prolonged use and abuse of Opiates?

Back 33

- Chronic lethargy
- Increased likelihood of AIDS, violence, and suicide
- Withdrawal symptoms begin withing 6-12 regular users discontinue use

Front 34

What are the 4 classes of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines?

Back 34

- Sedatives
- Hypnotics
- Tranquilizers
- Anxiolytics

Front 35

What are Sedatives?

Back 35

Drugs that calm people down are reduce excitement

Front 36

What are Hypnotics?

Back 36

Sleep aids

Front 37

What are Tranquilizers?

Back 37

Used to decrease anxiety

Front 38

What are Anxiolytics?

Back 38

Drugs that reduce anxiety

Front 39

What are the affects of Barbiturates?

Back 39

seizure prevention and treatment of anxiety and sleep problems

Front 40

What are the affects of Benzodiazepines?

Back 40

Synthetic drugs used to treat anxiety and sleep problems

Front 41

What are the short-term effects of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines?

Back 41

- State of intoxication similar to that associated with alcohol
- Can have a synergistic effect with alcohol

Front 42

What are the consequences of prolong use and abuse of Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines?

Back 42

- When discontinued, can result in worsening or original anxiety symptoms

Front 43

What is Marijuana?

Back 43

Dried parts of Cannabis Sativa (hemp) plant

Front 44

What are Cannabinoids?

Back 44

Mood altering chemicals in Marijuana

Front 45

What is THC

Back 45

Tetrahydorcannabinoids

Front 46

What are the short-term effects of Cnnabis?

Back 46

- Sense of well-being and happiness
- Altered perceptions of the world
- Some people become anxious and paranoid
- Short-term memory interference

Front 47

What are the consequences of heavy, continued use and abuse of Cannabis?

Back 47

- Deficits in attention, learning, and decision making
- Diminished motivation/apathy

Front 48

What are the 4 types of Hallucinogens?

Back 48

- LSD
- Psilocybin (mushrooms)
- Mescaline (peyote)
- PCP (angel dust)

Front 49

What does LSD effect?

Back 49

Blocks serotonin in the brain

Front 50

What are the short-term effects of Hallucinogens?

Back 50

- Vivid, powerful images which may change rapidly
- Can be frightening
- PCP can be highly toxic, high doses may lead to comma

Front 51

What are the consequences of prolonged use/ and abuse of hallucinogens

Back 51

- Occasionally, ingestion leads to persistent psychotic behavior and later flashbacks
- Don't demonstrate tolerance effects
- Over time lose their effectiveness

Front 52

What are the 5 stages of change?

Back 52

1. Preconetmplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Front 53

What are the 8 major reasons for relapse?

Back 53

- Negative emotional states
- Negative physiological states
- Positive emotional states
- Testing personal control
- Urges and temptations
- Interpersonal conflict
- Social pressure
- Positive emotional states/relationships

Front 54

What is Equifinality?

Back 54

There can be many different paths to the same outcome

Front 55

What are the 4 social influences of Drug Use?

Back 55

1. Exposure to drugs
2. Decreased parental monitoring
3. Systems Theory
4. Cultural norms on substance use

Front 56

What is Systems Theory?

Back 56

Interpersonal interactions can help maintain drug use in that drug use can "fit" a relationship

Front 57

What are the 2 psychological influences of Drug Use?

Back 57

1. Reinforcement
2. Cognitive factors

Front 58

What is Reinforcement?

Back 58

Anything that increases the frequency of a behavior

Front 59

What is the 1 biological influence of Drug Use?

Back 59

1. Genetics

Front 60

What are the 1 Neurobiological influence of Drug Use?

Back 60

1. Drugs that affect dopamine pathway

Front 61

What is the Agonist Substitution drug treatment?

Back 61

Replace illicit drug with safer drug that is similar chemically

Front 62

What is the Antagonist drug treatment?

Back 62

Block or counteract the pleasurable effects of psychoactive drugs

Front 63

What is the Aversive drug treatment?

Back 63

Make taking the drug unpleasant

Front 64

What are the 5 psychological treatments?

Back 64

- Inpatient facilities
- Variations of AA
- Contingency management (CM)
- Community reinforcement approach (CRA)
- Relapse prevention