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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Elements of Abnormality
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Suffering, Mal-adaptiveness, Deviancy, Violation of societies standards, Social Discomfort, Irrationality and Unpredictability
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Why classify mental disorders?
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Structure information, social and political implication
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Nomenclature
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Naming system
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Problems with Classification
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Loss of information, Stigma, Stereotyping, labelling
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DSM
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Diagnostic Statistical Manual - 4th edition, 5 Axis
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DSM definition of a mental disorder
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A clinically significant behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern
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Wakefield Disorder classification
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Disorder is an condition that causes distress or disability
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Kyofusho
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Cultural specific psychopathology - anxiety disorder prevalent in Japan: fear that body functions will offend those around you
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Epidemiology
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the study of the distribution of disease, disorders or health-related behaviours in a given population
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Mental Health Epidemiology
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the study of distribution of mental disorders
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Prevalence
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the number of active cases in a population during a given period of time
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Point Prevalence
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prevalence at any given time
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1 year prevalence
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had a mental disorder with in that year
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Lifetime prevalence
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Had a mental disorder at any time in a persons life
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Comorbidity
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presences of 2 or more disorders in the same person - high in people with severe forms of mental disorders
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incidence
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number of new cases in a population over a given period of time - lower than prevalence rates
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Percent of people who seek treatment for mental disorders
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25%
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Inpatient treatment
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patients treated in hospitals and psychiatric units
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Outpatient treatment
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Not hospitalized for treatment
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Mental Health Team
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A number of participants involved in the diagnosis and treatment
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Acute vs. Chronic disorders
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Acute: temporary
Chronic: ongoing |
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Case-study
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one subject observed in-depth
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Self-report data
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questionnaires, etc - can be misleading
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Population
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set of individual defined by the researcher
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Sample
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a subset of the population used to make inferences about the population
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Random Sampling
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Procedure for selecting a representative subset of a target population - everyone in the population has equal chance of being selected
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Comparison/control group
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a comparison group of people who don't exhibit the disorder but are otherwise identical to the criterion group
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Criterion group
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people with the disorder being studied
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Observational research
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studies that see things as they are - don't manipulate variables and cannot prove causation
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Retrospective research strategies
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Study ealerly life behaviour, experiences, diaries, recollection from family members
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Prospective
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Select a risk group and track their development - correlation only
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Correlation studies
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Don't manipulate anything and can't prove causation - used to predict behavior
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Correlation
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a statistic that indicates whether 2 variables are related or vary together in a systematic way
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Correlation coefficient
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summarize whether 2 measures vary together ranges from +1.00 (perfect positive) to -1.00 (perfect negative relationship
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3 types of correlation
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Positive, negative and zero
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Experimental research
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Involves a hypothesis, manipulation of 1 variable, control and criterion group and can prove probable causation
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Single-case experimental designs
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1 group/person is studied over time in ABAB pattern to prove causation
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ABAB design
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A: baseline
B: treatment A: remove treatment B: treatment |
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Analogue Studies
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Animal research using mammals that can be compared to humans
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3 factors to consider during animal research
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Ethical Issues
Advantages Generalizability |
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Trephining
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A stone-age treatment of mental disorders where a hole is drilled into the skull to let demons out
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Edwin Papyrus
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~1500BC script that associates the brain with mental disorders
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Ebers Papyrus
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Internal medicine and incantations for treating mental diseases and disorders
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Hippocrates
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~400BC Greek physician - mental disorders had natural causes (not magical) and categorized disorders
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Hippocrates 3 categories of mental disorders
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Mania: highly excitable
Melancholia: sad Phrenitis |
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Plato
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~400BC Greek Philosopher characterized mental disorders as an internal state
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Aristotle
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~300BC wrote about consciousness and how thinking patterns could eliminate suffering
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Sanatoria's
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Roman temples to saturn where people with mental disorder where sent to recover
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Galen
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Roman physician - documented anatomy of the NS. thought mental disorders had to do with the ventricles in the brain
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Etiology
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Causal pattern of behaviour
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3 types of etiology
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Necessary cause, Sufficient cause and contributory cause
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Necessary cause
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An type of etiology where something must exist or have exsisted for a disorder to occur
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Sufficient cause
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A type of etiology where the presence of a factor will guarantee the occurence of disorder - sufficient to bring about a disorder
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Contributory cause
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an etiology where a factor will increase the probability of a disorder
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2 types of causal factors
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Distal and proximal
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Proximal causal factors
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a single or current situation that is too much for a person to handle
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Distal causal factors
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life event in the background of an individual that cause a disorder
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reinforcing contributory cause
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maintaining a maladaptive behaviour that is already occurring
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Feedback in causes of abnormal behaviour
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the many components that lead to a behaviour
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Patterns of interaction
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components/units interact and affect other units
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Circuitry
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feedback systems are circular because all components are connected
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Diathesis-Stress models
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Additive model
Interactive model |
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Diathesis
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relatively distal, necessary or contributory cause no sufficient to cause the disorder - an internal predisposition
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Stress
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the response of an individual to demands perceived as taxing
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Additive model
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High diathesis + small amounts of stress = disorder
Low diathesis + high amounts of stress = disorder |
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Interactive model
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Some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect
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Protective factors that buffer a person in how they respond to stress (4)
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1. good family environment
2. Exposure to stress - inoculation effect 3. 'the north star' 4. Personal qualities/attributes - high self-esteeem etc. |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy of the teenage
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Parents believe they will have a difficult time with their teenager --> message of distrust --> teens behave badly
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Resilience
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Ability to adapt successfully to difficult circumstances
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3 resilience phenomenon
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1. good outcome despite high-rish status
2. sustained competence under stress 3. recovery from trauma |
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International resilience project
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how children/adolescence face various adversities
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Biological viewpoint of abnormal behaviour
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Focuses on neurological damage and mental disorders as disease
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6 categories of Biological/psychiatric perspective
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1. neurotransmitter and hormone imbalances
2. genetic vulnerability 3. temperment 4. brain dysfunction and neural plasticity 5. physical deprivation/disruption 6. information-processing capabilities |
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Imbalances of neurotransmitters
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excessive/low production
high/low enzyme failure/too much deactivation |
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Monoamines
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Norepinerphrine
Dopamine Serotonin |
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Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
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GABA
Glutamate |
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Peptide modulator Neurotransmitters
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CCK
Endorphines Substance P |
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Acetylcholine Function
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motor control over muscles
learning, memory, sleeping and dreaming |
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Norepinephrine Function
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Arousal and vigilance
Eating behaviour |
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Dopamine Function
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Reward and motivation
Motoro control over voluntary movements |
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Serotonin Functions
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Emotional states and impulsiveness
Dreaming |
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GABA
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Inhibition of action potentials
anxiety and intoxication |
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Glutamate
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Enhances action potentials
learning and memory |
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CCK functions
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Learning and memory
Satiety |
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Endorphines functions
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Pain reduction
reward |
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Substance P functions
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pain reception
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Agonistic drug effects
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Increase synthesis and release of NT
Blocks auto-recptors and re-uptake Bind to post-synaptic receptors and activate them |
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Antagonistic drug effects
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Block synthesis and release of NT
Activate auto-receptors Destroy NT in the synapse Block post-synaptic receptors |
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Auto-receptor
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in pre-synaptic neuron acts as a negative feedback system on NT release when activated
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Reward circuits
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series of action potentials that occur in synchronous patterns is certain areas: Glutamate, GABA and Dopamine
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Medulla functions
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Breathing and heart rate
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Pons functions
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reticular activating system
sleep/arousal |
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Hormones
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Chemical messengers secreted by sets of endocrine glands in the body
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Diencephalon
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2 regions: Thalamus and Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
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part of diencephalon
secretes releasing hormones and maintains hormone balace Acts on pituitary gland |
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Glands that the pituitary acts on
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Thyroid gland: growth and metabolism
Pancreas: insulin secretion Adrenal glands: secretes cortisol Gonads |
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-cortical axis
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Feedback circuit that regulates cortisol levels
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Genotype
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a persons total genetic endowment
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Phenotype
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the observed structural and functional characteristics
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3 ways a person genetoype may shape the environment
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1. Passive effect
2. evocative effect 3. active effect |
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PKU-induced mental retardation
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inability to metabolize phenylalaine leads to a build up of metabolic waste and damage to brain tissue
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Subcategories of schizophrenia
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Paranoid
Disorganized Catatonic |
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Etiology of schizophrenia
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Strong genetic component
Enlarged ventricles Frontal lobe didn't develop early in life |
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What triggers the onset of schizophrenia
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Adolescence - rapid brain growth and pruning --> failure of frontal lobe to develop /adapt
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3 methods used to study behaviour genetics
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1. family history/pedigree
2. Adoption method 3. twin method |
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Family history/pedigree
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used to study genetic behaviours
study whether incidence of a mental disorder within a family is proportional to the relatedness of individuals |
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The Adoption method
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Study whether environment (not genetics) increases the incidence of a disorder
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The Twin Method
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Mono and dizygotic twins are compared - same environment
DNA is either 99% or 50% the same |
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Concordance rate
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how a disorder is being expressed in a population
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2 Methods for studying genetic influences
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1. Linkage analysis
2. Association studies |
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Linkage analysis
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A method of studying genetic influences. try to find a common trait among family member
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Association Studies
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A method of studying genetic influences. Include individuals with and without the disorder - use people from the entire population
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Temperament
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A phenotypic trait that refers to a persons reactivity to situations
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5 dimensions of temperament
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fearfulness
irritability frustration positive affect (good mood) activity level attentional persistence |
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Neural plasticity
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flexibility of the brain
A phenotypic trait |
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Biological resilience
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A genetic component that determines how resilient on is to stress, drugs, diet etc
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Psychosocial Viewpoint
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Motives, desires, thought and perceptions shape behaviour
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Psychodynamic Perspective: Freud
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Focuses on the unconscious and the interactions of the id, ego and superego as the source of behaviour
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Id
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In psychodynamic perspective the source of instinctual desires - pleasure based
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Ego
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Psychodynamic perspective - the part that mediates the demands of the ida and superego with whats happening in reality
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Superego
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Psychodynamic perspective. the outgrowth of moral rules and conduct - the super conservative part of the mind
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Reality principal
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In psychodynamic perspective - what is the best kind of action given the scenario - conducted by the ego
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Ego-defense mechanism
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the ego deals with neurotic or moral anxiety by resorting to irrational protective measures
(Psychodynamic Perspective) |
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Sublimation
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Ego defence mechanism where anxieties are channeled into substitute activities
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Denial of reality
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Ego defence mechanism
Deny the situation |
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Fixation
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Ego defence mechanism attaching undesirable/unreasonable demands to something else
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Projection
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Ego defence mechanism
attribute undesirable motives or characteristics to others |
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Reaction formation
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Ego defence mechanism
Prevent the awareness or expression of a desire by acting oppositely |
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Regression
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Ego defence mechanism
recreating an earlier developmental stage |
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Repression
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Ego defence mechanism
preventing dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness |
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5 Psychosexual stages (Freud)
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Oral stage: 0-2 yrs
Anal stage: 2-3 yrs Phallic stage: 3-6 yrs Latency stage: 6-12 yrs Genital stage: 12+ |
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Oedipus complex
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Symbolically reliving the Oedipus drama. When a boy lusts for his mother and sees his father as competition, but also fears him
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Castration anxiety
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In the Oedipus complex, fear that lust for the mother will be punished by castration by the father - leads to repression of the Oedipus complex.
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Electra complex
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The female version of the Oedipus complex
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Object-relations theory
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Newer psychodynamic perspective of what you think of the people in your environment
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Interpersonal perspective
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Newer psychodynamic perspective - tendency to trust or mistrust people around you
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Sullivans Interpersonal Theory
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Newer psychodynamic perspective - look at interactions to assess interpersonal relations
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Attachment theory
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Newer psychodynamic perspective that focuses on childhood experiences and attachment relationships as a source of later behaviours
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Behavioural perspective
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Learning provides the source of behaviours
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Classical Conditioning
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When a specific stimulus comes to elicit response
used to make predictions |
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Salient paradigm
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fear conditioning - if some element of fear is involved in classical conditioning the conditioning is very quick
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Instrumental/operant conditioning
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An individual learns how to achieve a desired goal
New responses are learned and tend to reoccur if they are reinforced |
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Generalization
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When a response is conditioned to 1 stimulus it can be evoked by other stimuli
Part of operant conditioning |
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Discrimination
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When a person learns to distinguish between similar stimuli
What therapy tried to help you do Part of operant conditioning |
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Observational learning
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Learning through observation alone
ex. fear |
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2 focuses of therapy
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1. changing specific behaviours
2. changing specific emotional responses |
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Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective
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Cognitive processes and their impact on behaviour
How thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behaviours |
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Attributions
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the processes of assigning causes to things that happen
Cognitive-behavioural perspective |
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Attributional style
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a characteristic way in which an individual may tend to assign causes to bad or good events
Cognitive-behavioural perspective |
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Schema
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underlying representation of knowledge 'guides' the processing of knowledge
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Assimilation
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incorporate experiences into existing cognitive framework
Cognitive-behavioural perspective |
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Accommodation
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Changing the framework to incorporate information in a new [healthy] way
non-conscious mental activity |
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Implicit memory
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non-delcarative, unconscious memory
Behaviour guided by this |
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Psychosocial Causal Factors
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Early deprivation or trauma
Inadequate parenting styles Marital discord and divorce Maladaptive peer relationships |
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4 types of parenting styles
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Authoritative
Authoritarian Indulgent Indifferent |
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Authoritative parenting style
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high responsiveness x high demanding-ness
warm but firm, realistic |
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Authoritarian parenting style
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low responsiveness x high demanding-ness
conformity and premium on obedience |
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Indulgent parenting style
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high responsiveness x low demanding-ness
few demands, high freedom |
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Indifferent parents
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Low responsiveness x low demanding-ness
little environment, rare communication, neglectful |
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Sociocultural perspective
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social environment as a source of vulnerability or resistance to mental disorder
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Sociocultural risk factors
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low socioeconomic status
Unemployment prejudice and discrimination social change/uncertainty |
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Sociocultural buffers
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North star
Community support |
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2 Psychosocial viewpoints
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1. Humanistic perspective
2. existential perspective |
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Humanistic perspective
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human nature is 'good'
focus on love, creativity, value, self-fulfillment Importance of individuality |
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Actualization of the self
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Living to full potential
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The Existential Perspective
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uniqueness of the individual with emphasis on difficulties inherent in self-fulfilment
Focus on the society |
