Abnormal Psychology Exam 3

Front 1

What is substance dependence?

Back 1

Repeated use of a drug that often results in tolerance,
withdrawal, or compulsive drug taking behavior; commonly called addiction

Front 2

What is substance abuse?

Back 2

Pattern of abuse associated with interference in fulfilling obligations, use of a drug in dangerous situations, or legal difficulties connected with drug use

Front 3

What is addiction?

Back 3

Older term often used to describe problems such as alcoholism, now replaced by substance dependence

Front 4

What is a drug of abuse?

Back 4

Chemical substance that alters a person's mood, perception, or brain functioning.

Examples include CNS stimulants, CNS depressants, opiates, cannabinoids, and hallucinogens

Front 5

What is psychological dependence?

Back 5

Craving/psychological dependence:
– People take the drug to control how they feel, to relieve negative mood states, or to prepare for certain activities
– Amount of time spent planning to take the drug may be a good index of dependence craving

Diminished control:
– Increasing dependence associated with abuse; the person has less "freedom of choice" about using the drug

Front 6

What is physiological dependence?

Back 6

Evidenced by physical symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal.

Front 7

What is tolerance?

Back 7

– Nervous system becomes less sensitive to the effects of
alcohol or any other substance
– Increased quantities needed to achieve same effect

Front 8

What are 3 mechanisms of tolerance?

Back 8

Metabolic: Liver overproduces enzymes to break down the additional substance

Pharmacodynamic: Neurons adapt by reducing receptors or sensitivity to the drug, aka down regulation

Behavioral conditioning: Cues associated with the drug become conditioned stimuli that elicits increasing responses

Front 9

What is withdrawal?

Back 9

– Symptoms experienced when a person stops using a drug

– Alcohol withdrawal symptoms include hand tremors, sweating, nausea, anxiety, and insomnia. Some people also
experience alcohol withdrawal delirium (DTs)

– Withdrawal symptoms are most severe for alcohol, opioids, and sedatives/hypnotics

Front 10

What are barbiturates?

Back 10

Older drugs used to treat chronic anxiety

Front 11

What are benzodiazepines?

Back 11

Drugs such as Xanax and Valium that treat anxiety disorders

Front 12

What is discontinuance syndrome?

Back 12

A return or worsening of anxiety when a person abruptly stops taking benzodiazepines for treatment

Front 13

Which drugs resemble serotonin in their molecular structure?

Back 13

LSD, psilocybin

Front 14

Which drug resembles norepinephrine in its molecular structure?

Back 14

Mescaline

Front 15

What are Cloninger’s subtypes of alcoholism

Back 15

• Type 1:
– Alcoholism has later onset
– Prominent psychological dependence (loss-of control
drinking)
– Absence of antisocial personality traits

• Type 2:
– Almost exclusively found in men
– Earlier onset
– Associated with persistent antisocial behaviors
- Genetic component

Front 16

What is the difference between substance abuse and dependence?

Back 16

Substance dependence is a more serious condition, characterized by tolerance and withdrawal.

Front 17

What is the lifetime and 1 year prevalence for alcoholism?

Back 17

Lifetime: 13.8%
1-year: 6.3%

Front 18

What gender differences exist in alcoholism?

Back 18

Men outnumber women 5 to 1

Male 1-year prevalence: 11%
Female 1-year prevalence: 4%

Front 19

What is the prevalence of dependence on any controlled substance?

Back 19

7.5%

Front 20

What is the lifetime prevalence of nicotine dependence?

Back 20

24%

Front 21

What are the developmental stages of alcoholism?

Back 21

1) Initiation and continuation
2) Escalation and transition to abuse
3) Development of tolerance and withdrawal

Front 22

What are some genetic factors in developing alcoholism?

Back 22

Twin and adoption studies show both genetic and environmental factors influence the quantity and frequency of drinking

Front 23

What is the serotonin hypothesis of alcohol dependence?

Back 23

• Suggests that alcohol dependence is caused by a genetically determined serotonin deficiency

• Alcohol consumption raises serotonin to normal levels initially

• Serotonin levels are later reduced and drinking is no longer pleasurable but necessary to avoid feeling worse

Front 24

How do stimulants interfere w/ the dopamine reward system?

Back 24

Stimulants inhibit reuptake of dopamine into nerve terminals

Front 25

What other neurotransmitter may be involved in alcoholism?

Back 25

Alcohol may decrease GABA, which would typically inhibit dopamine neurons.

Front 26

What psychological factors contribute to the etiology of alcoholism?

Back 26

– Tension-reduction hypothesis
• People drink in an effort to reduce impact of stressful environment/unpleasant emotion states

– Expectations influence substance use

Front 27

What is the attention-allocation model?

Back 27

- Intoxication causes a person to focus attention only on immediate internal and external cues

- The impact of drinking on an intoxicated person's behavior will depend on the specific situation with which the person is confronted

Front 28

What are 2 philosophies on the treatment of alcoholism?

Back 28

Some clinicians argue that abstinence is the only reasonable treatment goal, while others suggest that moderate use (of legal drugs) is acceptable

Front 29

What are some medications that are useful in treating alcoholism?

Back 29

– Disulfiram (Antabuse): Causes illness as punishment, but low compliance

– Naltrexone is used to decrease endogenous opioid
system’s response to alcohol

– Acamprosate has been used in Europe and appears to facilitate both decreased alcohol intake and abstinence

– SSRIs can also be helpful when people have dual diagnosis of alcoholism and depression

Front 30

Why might AA be effective?

Back 30

Likely due to social support and alternative peer group. Cannot be researched experimentally

Front 31

What elements of CBT are employed to treat alcoholism?

Back 31

– Coping skills training focuses on the identification
of situations that lead to drinking and alternatives

– Relapse prevention focuses on self-efficacy, coping, "lapse" rather than "relapse"

– Short-term motivational therapy is designed to increase individuals’ awareness of substance abuse problems by gently helping them recognize inconsistencies between their behavior and goals

Front 32

What is motivational interviewing?

Back 32

Nonconfrontational procedure that is used to help people overcome their ambivalence to using drugs and make a commitment to change; uses cognitive dissonance

Front 33

What 3 conclusions regarding treatment for alcoholism have been reached?

Back 33

– People who enter treatment tend to show improvement for several months, but relapse is
also common

– There is no form of treatment (individual,
outpatient vs. inpatient) that is demonstrably superior

– More treatment and greater treatment compliance are associated with more positive
outcomes

Front 34

What are the short-term effects of nicotine?

Back 34

Short-term effects:
– Increased heart rate and blood pressure

– Stimulates release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

Front 35

How did Masters & Johnson define the human sex cycle?

Back 35

A series of overlapping phases:

- Excitement: arousal, increased genital blood flow

- Orgasm

- Resolution: refractory period

Front 36

What is vasocongestion?

Back 36

Engorgement of the blood vessels of the genitals

Front 37

What physiological changes occur during sexual excitement?

Back 37

Increased muscular tension, heart rate, and respiration rate

Front 38

What are the 3 stages of female orgasm?

Back 38

- Sensation of suspension or stoppage

- Warmth spreading through the pelvic area

- Throbbing or pulsating during rhythmic contractions of the vagina, uterus, and rectal sphincter

Front 39

What are the 2 stages of male orgasm?

Back 39

- Sensation of ejaculatory inevitability

- Contractions which propel semen through the urethra

Front 40

What is the resolution phase?

Back 40

Person's body returns to resting state, and males can no longer be stimulated. This length of time increases for men as they get older.

Front 41

When did people start thinking of sex differently?

Back 41

1890 - 1930; people stopped viewing sex as a merely procreative activity

Front 42

Whose argument regarding homosexuality caused its removal from the DSM?

Back 42

Kinsey argued that the distinction between hetero and homosexual individuals was arbitrary and therefore meaningless. Differences among people are quantitative, not qualitative.

Front 43

What is a sexual dysfunction?

Back 43

Distressing inhibitions of sexual desire and interference with the physiological responses leading to orgasm

Front 44

What were the most common acts in the 1994 National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)?

Back 44

- Vaginal intercourse
- Oral stimulation

Front 45

What data regarding orgasm was collected in the NHSLS?

Back 45

- 29% of women experienced orgasm, while 44% of men reported their partners experienced orgasm

- 75% of men alway experience orgasm

- Discrepancy could be due to women misleading men, or due to misinterpretation of events leading men to believe their partner experienced orgasm.

Front 46

What data regarding physical and emotional satisfaction was collected in the NHLS?

Back 46

Many women (41%) rated their relationship as extremely physically satisfying even though fewer women experienced orgasm.

Front 47

What is hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

Back 47

Persistent or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. More common in women.

Front 48

What is sexual aversion disorder?

Back 48

Persistent or recurrent extreme aversion to, and avoidance of, all (or almost all) genital sexual contact with a sexual partner. Driven by fear, not lack of interest; similar to a phobia since it may elicit a panic attack.

Front 49

What is female sexual arousal disorder?

Back 49

Persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or to maintain until completion of sexual activity, an adequate lubrication-swelling response of sexual excitement

Front 50

What is male erectile disorder?

Back 50

Persistent or recurrent inability to maintain an adequate erection until completion of the sexual activity. Can be due to vascular problems, or psychological problems (if erections occur during the night).

Front 51

What is female orgasmic disorder?

Back 51

Persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase

Front 52

What is male orgasmic disorder?

Back 52

Persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgassm following a normal sexual excitement phase

Front 53

What is premature ejaculation?

Back 53

Persistent or recurrent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it. Affects 1/3 of men

Front 54

What is dyspareunia?

Back 54

Recurrent or persistent genital pain associated with sexual intercourse in a male or female

Front 55

What is vaginismus?

Back 55

Recurrent or persistent involuntary spasm of the musculature of the outer third of the vagina that interferes with sexual intercourse

Front 56

What disorders are comorbid with hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

Back 56

Other forms of sexual dysfunction, as well as mood disorders.

Front 57

What are the subcategories of female orgasmic disorder?

Back 57

Generalized: Women who have never experienced orgasm by any means

Situational: Woman is able to reach orgasm in some situations but not others

Front 58

What is the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions?

Back 58

Premature ejaculation: 33% of men

Lack of interest in sex: 33% of women

Inability to reach orgasm: 25% of women

Front 59

What is sexual frequency among older men and women?

Back 59

65% of older men and 30% of older women are still sexually active

Front 60

How does health correlate with sex?

Back 60

Older people who rate their health as being excellent have fewer sexual problems than people who rate their health as being only fair or poor

Front 61

What biological factors contribute to sexual disorders?

Back 61

Vascular, neurological, or hormonal impairment, diabetes, drug and alcohol abuse.

Front 62

What psychological factors contribute to sexual disorders?

Back 62

- Mental scripts developed in childhood indicating who a person is attracted to, and when sexual activity is appropriate

- Relationship with the sexual partner

Front 63

What is sensate focus?

Back 63

Treatment procedure developed by Masters and Johnson emphasizing touching rather than performance demands.

Front 64

What steps are involved in sex therapy?

Back 64

- Sensate focus

- Scheduling

- Education and cognitive restructuring & correcting myths (ie G spot)

- Communication training

Front 65

What biological treatments are available for sexual disorders?

Back 65

Primarily medications, which are used for erectile disorder (Viagra) and sex dysfunction in women (testosterone treatment). Penile implants may also be used.

Front 66

What is the general etiology of sexual dysfunction?

Back 66

- Females: lack of assertiveness or comfort talking about sex

- Harmful or traumatic experiences can affect interest or arousal

- Smoking and drugs can affect arousal and function

- Mental scripts indicating sex is filthy

- Relationship factors, like being angry at partner

- SSRIs

Front 67

What is a paraphilia?

Back 67

Love or attraction to unusual things

Front 68

What is the central problem with paraphilias?

Back 68

Persistent sexual urges and fantasies that are associated with:

- Nonhuman objects
- Suffering or humiliation of oneself or partner
- Children or other nonconsenting persons

Front 69

What are some common paraphilias?

Back 69

- Fetishism, involving shoes, underwear, leather, etc

- Transvestic fetishism, involving males crossdressing for the purpose of sexual arousal

- Partialism, where one is attracted only to specific body parts (eg Dahmer & internal organs)

- Sexual masochism, fantasies involving being made to suffer

- Sexual sadism, involving suffering of a victim. Can be increasingly dangerous

- Exhibitionism, exposing genitals to unsuspecting strangers

- Voyeurism, "peeping tom"

- Frotteurism, touching & rubbing against a nonconsenting person

- Pedophilia, fantasies involving prepubescent children

- Rape, legal term not included in the DSM because of concern that men might get away with rape due to their diagnosis

Front 70

What is the difference between a "child molester" and "pedophile"?

Back 70

- Child molester: someone who has committed a sexual offense against a child victim; legal term

- Pedophiles may not molest children as the diagnosis can be made based solely on fantasies

Front 71

What are the various subcategories and motivations for rape?

Back 71

- Sadistic rapists: combination of sexual and aggressive impulses

- Nonsadistic: sexual but not aggressive; inability to process social cues

- Vindictive: Focused on violence against women

- Opportunistic: Impulsive behavior, forcefully ensures compliance

Front 72

What are biological factors in paraphilias?

Back 72

Hormonal or neurological abnormalities (left temporal lobe, hippocampus)

Front 73

What are social factors in paraphilias?

Back 73

- Early crossing of sexual boundaries (eg abuse)

- Lack of consistent parental involvement and modeling of normal social behaviors

- Lack of self-esteem

- Lack of confidence and ability in social interactions

- Ignorance & poor understanding of human sexuality

Front 74

What are psychological factors in paraphilias?

Back 74

- "Lovemaps" which are developed in childhood. Some lovemaps may be distorted, and love and lust may not be directed toward the same person.

Front 75

What are some treatments for paraphilias?

Back 75

- Aversion therapy: Older method that reassociated inappropriate thoughts with ammonia smells or electric shock that seemed effective, but the studies had design flaws

- Cognitive behavioral Treatment: social skills training and stress management is more effective than aversion therapy

- Hormones and medication; anti-androgen medications, or SSRIs. Surgical castration effective in Europe.

Front 76

What are the most common sexual offenses?

Back 76

Child molestation, followed by sexual assault, and kidnapping

Front 77

What are 2 laws regarding sexual criminals?

Back 77

- Community Notification: distributes information on sex offender locations when they are released from prison

- Sexual Predator Laws: keep predators who are likely to reoffend in custody/mental hospital indefinitely

Front 78

What is the most common non-sexual crime among sex offenders?

Back 78

Burglary, perhaps in hopes that there will be someone in the house to sexually assault.

Front 79

What are the most common diagnoses among sex offenders?

Back 79

Pedophilia (63%); alcohol dependence (14%); major depression (4%)

Front 80

What are the most common Axis II disorders among sex offenders?

Back 80

- Personality disorder NOS (42%)
- Antisocial personality disorder (40%)

Front 81

Sex offenders tend to abuse which substances?

Back 81

Alcohol, followed by cannabis and cocaine

Front 82

What conclusions were made after studies evaluating relapse prevention treatment?

Back 82

Study saw no difference between treatment and non-treatment conditions, as non-voluntary controls had lowest recidivism, while dropouts had high recidivism rates.

Front 83

What have studies shown about rates of recidivism among sex offenders?

Back 83

Base rate is relatively low (13.7%). Offenders are more likely to reoffend non-sexually

Front 84

What is gender identity disorder?

Back 84

Discomfort with one's anatomical sex

Front 85

What are other names for gender identity disorder?

Back 85

Transsexualism (outdated), or gender dysphoria

Front 86

What causes gender identity disorder?

Back 86

Could be due to prenatal hormone exposure, attachment issues, or pseudohermaphroditism.

Front 87

What treatments exist for gender identity disorder?

Back 87

- Psychotherapy to alter gender identity (fairly unsuccessful)

- Sex-reassignment surgery, in which the genitals are changed to match the gender identity.

Front 88

What are the 3 phases of schizophrenia?

Back 88

- Prodromal: obvious deterioration in role functioning. Personality changes similar to schizotypal PD become apparent

- Active phase: Symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions,
and disorganized speech

- Residual phase: similar to prodromal phase. Positive symptoms may improve, but negative symptoms and impairment persist

Front 89

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 89

Psychotic symptoms including hallucinations and delusions

Front 90

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 90

Lack of initiative, social withdrawal, and deficits in emotional responding

Front 91

What is disorganization in schizophrenia?

Back 91

Verbal communication problems and bizarre behavior

Front 92

What is a delusion?

Back 92

Idiosyncratic beliefs that are rigidly held in spite of their preposterous nature

Front 93

What are 3 types of disorganized speech?

Back 93

Loose associations: Shifting topics too abruptly

Tangentiality: Replying to a question with an irrelevant response

Perseveration: Persistently repeating the same word or phrase

Front 94

What is a blunted affect?

Back 94

Restriction of a person's nonverbal expression of emotions

Front 95

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

Back 95

• Characteristic symptoms: At least 2 of the following, for at least 1 month
– Delusions
– Hallucinations
– Disorganized speech
– Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
– Negative symptoms (flat affect, alogia, avolition)

• Only need 1 symptom if the delusions are bizarre or hallucinations are a voice keeping a running commentary, or 2 or more voices conversing with each other

• Signs of disturbance must persist for at least 6 months (includes prodromal and residual phases)

Front 96

What disorder would be diagnosed is schizophrenic symptoms last for under 6 months?

Back 96

Schizophreniform disorder: – Symptoms of schizophrenia without the social/occupational dysfunction and 6 month
duration requirements

Front 97

What are the 5 subtypes of schizophrenia?

Back 97

• Catatonic type: Motor immobility; excessive and purposeless motor activity;
posturing & stereotyped movements; echolalia or echopraxia

• Disorganized type: Disorganized speech, behavior, and inappropriate affect

• Paranoid type: Systematic delusions with persecutory or grandiose content, or frequent auditory hallucinations

• Undifferentiated type: Does not fit until one of the other types

• Residual type: Patient who doesn’t meet the criteria for active-phase but still exhibits negative symptoms

Front 98

What are the 3 additional disorders that contain psychotic symptoms?

Back 98

- Schizoaffective disorder: characterizes an episode where symptoms of schizophrenia overlap with a depressive or manic episode

- Delusional disorder: preoccupation with delusions that are not bizarre

- Brief psychotic disorder: Exhibit psychotic symptoms for at least one day but no longer than one month often following a markedly stressful event

Front 99

What is the typical onset, course, and outcome of schizophrenia?

Back 99

- Starts in adolescence or early adulthood, and becomes progressively more severe.

- Episodes last an average of 15 years.

- Only about half will recover.

Front 100

What is the lifetime morbity risk of schizophrenia?

Back 100

1% will experience or display schizophrenic symptoms at some time in their lives.

Front 101

What is the average risk of developing schizophrenia?

Back 101

If related to the patient, 10-15%

Front 102

What gender differences exist in schizophrenia?

Back 102

- Men and women are equally likely to be affected by schizophrenia

- Men exhibit symptoms ~5 years earlier than women

- men exhibit poorer social functioning and more negative symptoms and withdrawal.

- Men do not respond to treatment as well

Front 103

What are some possible biological causes of schizophrenia?

Back 103

– Strong support for a genetic influence

– Viral infections: People with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born during winter months

– MRIs have found smaller total brain tissue volume, enlarged ventricles, and smaller size of limbic
system structures in people with schizophrenia

– PET imaging suggests dysfunction in the frontal cortex and temporal lobes of people with schizophrenia
and mood disorders

– Current theories focus on neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, GABA)

Front 104

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

Back 104

Hypersensitivity to dopamine due to increased numbers of receptors

Front 105

What other neurotransmitters may have an effect on schizophrenia?

Back 105

- Theories focus on interaction of serotonin, glutamate, and GABA on dopamine pathways

- Serotonin receptors may be less dense in schizophrenic patients.

Front 106

What social factors may contribute to schizophrenia?

Back 106

Social causation: Low social class may be exposed to greater environmental stress and/or poor nutrition

Social selection: Those with schizophrenia may experience impairments preventing them from getting an education or well-paying job

Front 107

What is expressed emotion?

Back 107

Family members expressing negative, critical, or intrusive attitudes about the patient's condition. Related to high rates of relapse among patients

Front 108

What is schizotaxia?

Back 108

A mild neurological defect inherited by those who are predisposed to schizophrenia, causing social withdrawal and associative loosening

Front 109

What is an endophenotype?

Back 109

Sign of vulnerability that can be detected among those who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia, but have not displayed overt symptoms

Front 110

How does working memory relate to schizophrenia?

Back 110

Working memory deficits have been observed among these patients, and thus may be a reliable marker of vulnerability

Front 111

How does eye-tracking dysfunction relate to schizophrenia?

Back 111

People with schizophrenia exhibit rapid eye movements instead of smooth-pursuit tracking

Front 112

What medications are used to treat schizophrenia?

Back 112

- Antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s. Have no effect on 25% of patients

- Atypical antipsychotics: As effective in treating positive symptoms and more effective in treating negative symptoms

Front 113

What side effects might result from antipsychotic medications?

Back 113

Motor side effects:
• Extrapyramidal symptoms: muscular rigidity, tremors,
restless agitation, involuntary postures, and motor inertia are quite common & may diminish after 3-4 months, other medications can minimize their severity

• Tardive dyskinesia (TD): involuntary movements of the
mouth and face, sometimes is irreversible

– Approximately 20% of patients develop TD after long-term use

Front 114

What side effects might result from atypical antipsychotic medications?

Back 114

Weight gain and obesity

Front 115

How do classical and atypical antipsychotics work?

Back 115

Block dopamine receptors in the cortical and limbic areas of the brain. Atypical drugs have an effect on a wider range of neurotransmitters

Front 116

What psychosocial treatments exist for schizophrenia?

Back 116

– Family-oriented aftercare involves an education component to improve coping skills of family members

– Social skills training

– Assertive community treatment: go to the patient and provide medication and psychological treatments

– Institutional programs
• Hospitalization (at least 2-3 weeks) is often needed for acute psychosis

• Social learning behaviorally based programs (e.g., using token economy) are effective for increasing adaptive behaviors and decreasing problem behaviors

Front 117

What is dementia?

Back 117

A gradual worsening loss of memory and related cognitive functions, including language, reasoning, and decision making

Front 118

What is delirium?

Back 118

A confusional state that develops over a short period of time and is associated with agitation and hyperactivity

Front 119

What are amnestic disorders?

Back 119

Memory impairments that are more limited than those seen in dementia or delirium

Front 120

What are the criteria for delirium?

Back 120

• Primary symptom is clouding of consciousness
in association with a reduced ability to maintain
and shift attention
• Visual hallucinations common
• Rapid onset
• Fluctuates over the day
• Person is likely to be disoriented to time or place

Front 121

What are some differences between dementia and delirium?

Back 121

Dementia: slow onset, lifetime duration, stable/downward course, rare hallucinations, poor insight, decent sleep, memory loss

Delirium: Sudden onset, brief duration, fluctuating course, vivid hallucinations, lucid intervals, disturbed

Front 122

What is retrograde amnesia?

Back 122

Loss of memory for events prior to the onset of an illness

Front 123

What is anterograde amnesia?

Back 123

Inability to learn or remember new material after a point in time

Front 124

What is aphasia?

Back 124

Impairment in language caused by brain damage

Front 125

What is apraxia?

Back 125

Difficulty performing purposeful movements in response to verbal commands

Front 126

What is agnosia?

Back 126

Difficulty identifying stimuli in one's environment

Front 127

What is dyskinesia?

Back 127

Tics and tremors, as well as jerky movements of the face and limbs called chorea.

Front 128

What is the most common amnestic disorder?

Back 128

Alcohol induced persisting amnestic disorder, aka Korsakoff's syndrome

Front 129

What distinguishes Alzheimer's from other forms of dementia?

Back 129

Gradual onset, progressive deterioration

Front 130

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

Back 130

Tau proteins that are left after a neuron breaks down and dies

Front 131

What are amyloid plaques?

Back 131

Beta-amyloid proteins surrounded by dead neuron material. Typically found in the cerebral cortex.

Front 132

What distinguishes Frontotemporal dementia/Pick's disease from other dementia?

Back 132

Characterized by early personality changes, as well as impulsive sexual actions, roaming, and aimless exploration.

Front 133

What distinguishes Huntington's disease from other dementia?

Back 133

Unusual involuntary muscle movements, known as chorea, are common. Patients may also exhibit personality changes, depression, and anxiety, while some also demonstrate psychotic symptoms.

One gene from an affected parent will guarantee development of this disease.

Front 134

What distinguishes Parkinson's disease from other dementia?

Back 134

Dementia is uncommon but risk of dementia doubles. Motor abnormalities are common.

Front 135

What distinguishes vascular dementia from other dementia?

Back 135

Similar to Alzheimer's, but onset is sudden, and evidence of a stroke must be present.

Front 136

What distinguishes dementia with Lewy bodies from other dementia?

Back 136

Gradual decline, but unlike Alzheimer's patients, patients with DLB show a fluctuation in cognitive performance, alertness, and level of consciousness, as well as hallucinations

Front 137

With which mood disorder is dementia comorbid?

Back 137

Major depression (25% comorbidity)

Front 138

What differences exist between depression and dementia?

Back 138

Depression: uneven progression, complaints of memory loss, worse in the morning but improves throughout the day, aware of and exaggerates disability, may abuse alcohol or drugs

Dementia: even progression, attempts to hide memory loss, worse later in day or when fatigued, unaware or minimizes disability, rarely abuses drugs

Front 139

What is the frequency of delirium?

Back 139

15% of elderly hospitalized medical patients, higher in nursing homes

Front 140

What gender differences exist in dementia?

Back 140

None with regard to prevalience, but men are more likely to have dementia associated with vascular disease or to be secondary to other diseases or alcohol abuse

Front 141

What is the most common type of dementia?

Back 141

Alzheimer's

Front 142

What are the prevalence rates of the different types of dementia?

Back 142

Alzheimer's (50%)
Dementia with Lewy bodies (12-27%)
Vascular dementia (12-27%)

Front 143

What are cultural differences in the prevalence and type of dementia?

Back 143

- Alzheimer's is more common in N. America and Europe, while vascular dementia may be more common in Japan and China.

- Prevalence may be lower in developing countries

Front 144

What are some causes of delirium?

Back 144

- Psychiatric drugs
- Drugs used to treat heart conditions
- Painkillers
- Stimulants (including caffeine)

Front 145

How are neurotransmitters related to dementia?

Back 145

- Parkinsons involves decrease in dopamine

- Alzheimer's involves decrease in Ach

- Huntington's disease involves GABA deficiencies

Front 146

What are some causes of dementia?

Back 146

- Genetic influence (chromosome 21)
- Neurotransmitter disruption
- Viral infection
- Immune cells may inadvertently affect healthy cells during the normal elimination of beta-amyloids
- Environmental factors like head injury, education level

Front 147

What treatments exist for dementia?

Back 147

- Medications that boost Ach
- Neuroleptic medication (such as that used to treat schizophrenia) to reduce psychotic symptoms