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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anxiety?
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A common emotion characterized by physicalsymptoms and thoughts or worries that something bad will happen.
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What is the hypothalamus?
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A center in the brain that deals with emotion.
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If an animal happens to attack you in a park, your body'sresponse is known as what?
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The fight-or-flight response.
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What causes the heart to beat faster to supply more blood topower muscles and is activated by stress or fear?
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Sympathetic Nervous System.
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Emotions such as anxiety and fear have three distinct components, what are they? |
Physiological response, cognitive symptoms, and avoidance. |
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What is the term “worry” defined as?
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Apprehensive (negative) expectations about the future.
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How does normal anxiety differ from abnormalanxiety?
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Anxiety becomes abnormal when it interferes with a person's work, sleep, and other normal behavior functions.
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What are anxiety disorders?
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They cover all the DSM-5 disorders of OCD and PTSD. Most anxiety disorders develop early in life and interfere with quality of life as well as social functioning.
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What are panic attacks?
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They develop abruptly and symptoms reach peak intensity in a short time. Somatic and cognitive symptoms of a panic attack may include heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, choking, chest pain, nausea or abdominal distress, fear of dying, and others.
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Does having a panic attack mean that the person has a panicdisorder?
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No. |
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How is a panic disorder defined?
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A person who has had more than 1 panic attack, & worries about having more attacks.
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What is agoraphobia?
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An intense fear or anxiety that occurs upon exposure to or in anticipation of a broad range of situations. The fear or anxiety occurs in public transportation, open spaces, enclosed places, standing inline, being in a crowd, or being outside the home alone.
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What is the major feature of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder? |
Excessive anxiety and worry. Persons with GADworry about future events, past events, financialmatters, their health, and the health of loved ones.
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What is the Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)?
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Involves the fear of social situations such as speaking, eating, drinking, or writing in the presence of others, as well as engaging in social interactions and starting or continuing conversation.
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What is Selective Mutism?
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A disorder more commonly found in children that is defined as a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations, despite the ability to speak in other settings. Children can speak at home with their families, but do not speak outside the home or in the presence of others.
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What is a Specific Phobia?
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Fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation, interfering with daily activities.
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When does a fear become a phobia?
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When symptoms cause significant emotional distress, and impairs an aspect of life functioning.
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What is an animal phobia?
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Fear or anxiety about animals or insects.
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What is a natural environment phobia?
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Fear or anxiety for objects and situations.
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What is a blood/injection/injury phobia?
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Fear or anxiety of blood, injection, and injuries.
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What is claustrophobia?
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Fear or anxiety of closed places.
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What is a Separation Anxiety Disorder?
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It involves excessive anxiety concerning separation from someone to whom the child is emotionally attached.
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What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
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This disorder consists of obsession (recurrent, persistent, and intrusive thoughts) often combined with compulsions (repetitive behavior) that are extensive, time consuming, and distressful.
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What is delusion?
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False belief.
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What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
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This disorder involves pre-occupation with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance, which the person feels make him/her unattractive, ugly or, deformed. |
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How is the Hoarding Disorder defined?
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Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with obsessions, regardless of their actual value.
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What is Trichotillomania?
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This disorder is defined as repetitive hairpulling, resulting in noticeable hair loss.
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What is Excoriation Disorder?
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This disorder involves recurrent skin picking, resulting in skin lesions.
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How is the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder defined?
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It beings with a traumatic event such as military combat, assault, rape, or observation of the serious injury or violent death of another person. Intense psychological or physiological reactions may happen if the person is exposed to similar situations. Such persons re-experience the events through memories, thoughts or dreams about the trauma.
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What does the Biological Perspective include?
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Genetics, family history, neuroanatomy, and neurobiology.
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What was the results of the Family and Genetic Studies about anxiety disorders? |
Research shows when a parent has an anxiety disorder, the child is more likely to also have one. However, not every child in the family develops anxiety. Thus, genetics may play a role but do not provide the complete answer. |
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What is neuroanatomy?
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The study of the anatomy and organization of the nervous system.
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What do neurotransmitters do?
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Primarily responsible for regulating differentbrain functions such as movement, learning, memory, and emotion.
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What does Serotonin do?
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A very important neurotransmitter; regulates mood, thoughts, and behavior, and it has a major role in anxiety disorders.
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What does temperament demonstrate?
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Individual differences at the time of birth.
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What is behavioral inhibition?
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A temperament that shows withdrawal from people, objects, or situations.
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What are the three theories of fear acquisition?
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Psychoanalytic, behavioral, and cognitive.
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What plays the most important role in treatment of anxietydisorders?
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Medication.
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What is the word for when serotonin is taken back to theaxon terminals?
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Reuptake.
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What type of medicine prevents reuptake?
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI).
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What are the minor tranquilizers that are effective incontrolling anxiety called?
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Benzodiazepines.
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What was used as a last resort before SSRI’s and BehavioralTherapy?
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Psychosurgery.
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Were psychological treatments the first method for anxiety?
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Yes. |
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What is exposure?
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Facing fears in order to get over them.
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What is vivo-exposure?
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Exposure through real-life experiences.
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What is imaginal exposure?
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Imagining the feared event.
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What is biofeedback?
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Allows monitoring physical behaviors such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or muscle tension with relaxation training.
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What does Constructive-Restructuring do?
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A therapist asks a person to face an anxiety-producing event (like speaking to a group of people) and to reflect on any negative thoughts that occur.
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Somatization disorder is defined as what?
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Condition in which patients had many physical (bodily) complaints without an obvious medical cause.
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Who was the first to identify somatization?
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Pierre Briquet.
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What is the Somatic Symptom Disorder (formally known as hysteria)? |
Stressful life events could be important in the onset and maintenance of their distress. |
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According to Freud, the psychological distress is convertedinto what?
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Physical symptoms.
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What is the Illness Anxiety Disorder, formally known as hypochondriasis, described as? |
When fears or concerns about having an illness persist despite medical reassurance. |
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What is the DSM-5?
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Handbook used by health care professionals in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
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What is a Factitious disorder? |
Physical or psychological signs or symptoms of illness are intentionally produced in what appears to be a desire to assume a sick role. |
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How is malingering defined? |
When a person intentionally produces physical symptoms to avoid a situation or gain rewards. |
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What were factitious disorders originally called? |
Munchausen syndrome |
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How can a fictitious disorder be placed on someone else? |
In most cases, a mother induces physical symptoms on her child. She then brings the child to the hospital and insists on thorough treatment. |
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What is functional impairment and how do people get it? |
People with factitious disorder often have many hospitalizations and may develop medical problems due to self-administered injuries. |
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Do biological factors play a role with somatic symptoms andrelated disorders? |
Yes.
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What is depersonalization? |
The feeling of detachment from one’s body. |
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What is de-realization? |
Feeling of unreality about one’s physical or interpersonal environment. |
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What is amnesia? |
The inability to remember personal information or significant periods of time. |
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What is identity confusion? |
Being unclear of conflicted about one’s personal identity. |
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What is identity alteration? |
A person has assumed an alternative identity. |
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What is dissociative amnesia? |
Inability to recall important information, usually of a personal nature. |
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What is localized amnesia? |
Failure to recall events that occur during a certain time period. |
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What is generalized amnesia? |
Total inability to recall any aspect of one’s life. |
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What is selective amnesia? |
The condition that a person forgets some elements of a traumatic experience. |
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What is dissociative fugue? |
Patients suffering from fugue are found in physical locations away from their usual residences. |
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What is the Dissociative Identity Disorder? |
The person suffering from this disorder might demonstrate various personalities that maybe at odds with each other. |
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Does dissociative amnesia usually need treatment? |
No.
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What is the predominant feature in of bipolar and depressivedisorders? |
Disturbance in mood. |
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What is it called when someone’s mood is abnormally low? |
Depression. |
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What is it called when someone’s mood is abnormally high? |
Mania. |
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How is the bipolar disorder defined? |
When both episodes of depressed mood and mania are present. Mood changes between two emotional extremes, mania and depression. |
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How is the bipolar disorder categorized? |
Bipolar I, Bipolar II. |
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What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II? |
Bipolar I deals with manic episodes while Bipolar II deals with depression. |
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Which disorder demonstrates fluctuation between hypomanicand depressive symptoms? |
Cyclothymic disorder. |
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What is the term for a mood elevation that is clearlyabnormal, but not as extremely elevated as mania? |
Hypomania. |
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What is the core symptom of major depressive disorder? |
Persistent low mood severe enough to impair interest or ability to function. |
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Who does the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder usually relateto? |
Kids usually between the ages of 6 and 18. |
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What is the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder? |
Many women suffer mood changes prior to theirmenstruation and this is a severe form of that. |
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What is the Major Depressive Disorder with Pre-Partum Onset? |
Mild mood symptoms such as tearfulness, sadness, mood swings, and irritability generally disappear about two weeks after birth. |
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What are the thoughts of suicide called? |
Suicide ideation. |
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What is passive suicidal ideation? |
The wish to be dead but does not actively pursue planning. |
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What is active suicidal ideation? |
Having active thoughts about how to commit the act. |
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What do risk factors for suicide say about family history? |
Studies implicate that its genetic factors that appear to have a big influence. |
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What do risk factors for suicide say about psychiatricillness? |
That 90% of attempted/completed suicides are committed by persons who suffer from psychological disorders. |
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What do risk factors for suicide say about biologicalfactors? |
Brain autopsy reveals very low levels of serotonin in the brains of people who have committed suicide. |
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What are the two main ways of combatting suicide? |
Crisis hotlines and focusing attention on high-risk groups. |
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What is the treatment for after a suicide attempt? |
Medical attention, possible counseling/psychological care, and reducing self-harming. |
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Is depression influenced by both genetic and environmentalfactors? |
Yes.
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What are some environmental factors that could contribute tobipolar/depressive disorders? |
Stress, loss, grief, and threats torelationships. |
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How can the psychodynamic theory be described as? |
Depression is anger turned inwards. This angeris caused due to loss of an object, real, or imagined. |
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What is the Attachment Theory? |
Disruption in mother-infant attachment may lead to depression and anxiety. According to behavior theory, depression results from the withdrawal of reinforcement. |
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Who developed the theory of learned helplessness? |
Martin Seligman. |
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What is learned helplessness? |
Externally uncontrollable environments (e.g.repeated abuse, failure at school or work, relationshipfailures) can lead to major depressive disorder. |
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What does the Cognitive Theory show? |
Negative thinking can cause depressive feelings and behaviors and this includes pessimistic and critical thoughts. Individuals with this type of thinking also show low self-esteem. |
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What is the major treatment for bipolar disorders? |
Medication. |
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What is the Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) and to whateffect does it have? |
The patient is directed to change inappropriate or negative thoughts and behavior. It is especially effective in reducing depressive symptoms. |
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What is the most commonly used medication in treatment ofbipolar disorders? |
Lithium, which reduces mood swings. |
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Which neurotransmitter was found to be extremely importantrole; too much of it caused mania and too little of it caused depression? |
Glutamate. |
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Which medication is determined to be the bestanti-depressant? |
Prozac. |
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Which type of therapy is very effective for treatingpsychotic depression? |
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). |
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Who were the first to use ECT in 1938? |
Cerletti & Bini. |
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What is light therapy? |
Exposing people to artificial bright light to help with therapy. |
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What is the seasonal affective disorder? |
A variant of major depressive disorder affectingpeople all over the world. It is characterized by depressive episodes changing with seasons. This disorder usually affects people in the northern hemisphere in the winter. |
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What does deep brain stimulation do? |
Targets areas of the brain regulating negative mood changes. |
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What is anorexia nervosa? |
It’s a serious problem marked by a restriction of energy intake relative to needed energy requirements, resulting in significantly low body weight, interfering with physical health. |
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What reveals how thin a person is? |
Body mass index. |
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What are the two subtypes of anorexia nervosa? |
Restricting and binge eating/purging. |
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What is the restricting type of anorexia nervosa? |
A person keeps his/her low weight by reducing the caloric intake and increasing physical activity. |
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What is the binge eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa? |
Binge-eating is when someone eats an unusually large amount of food in a short time and purging is when someone does self-inducing vomiting or using laxatives. |
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What type of personality trait is a lot of the timesinvolved with anorexia nervosa? |
Perfectionism. |
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What is bulimia nervosa? |
An invisible eating disorder because patientsare of normal weight or overweight. It involves recurrent episodes of binge eating in combination with recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. |
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What are some examples of inappropriate compensatorybehaviors? |
Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
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What is the persistent eating of non-nutritive and nonfoodsubstances called? |
Pica. |
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What is the rumination disorder? |
Recently eaten food is regurgitated into themouth, followed by re-chewing, and re-swallowing. |
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What is the avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder? |
It involves restricted or inadequate eating. Such persons eat a narrow range of food. |
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Are eating disorders more common in men or women? |
Women.
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Are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa rare in childhood? |
Yes. |
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Is the hypothalamus influential in appetite and weightcontrol? |
Yes. |
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Do eating problems run in family? |
Yes. |
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Do patients with anorexia nervosa demonstrate structuralbrain abnormalities? |
Yes. |
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How many patterns of family dysfunction did Minuchin find? |
Four. |
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What type of effective inpatient treatment for anorexianervosa is there? |
Hospitalization for weight restoration. |
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What is necessary but not sufficient for all eatingdisorders? |
Nutritional counseling, which can help with diets, ideal weights, and other stuff. |
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What can the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy help with? |
People changing patterns in thinking that contribute to their problems. |
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What are family-based interventions? |
This involves changing dysfunctional familysystems, modifying family patterns, and reorganizing family around healthier and more open communication.
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What is the most critical part in behavior change? |
The cognitive part of thinking. |
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What is important for bulimic patients to do?
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Exercise self-monitoring. |
