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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stress
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experiencing events that we perceive as being endangering to physical well-being.
reactions-stress responses causes-stressors unpredictability and uncontrollableness make events more stressful |
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safety signal hypothesis
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with unpredictable events people feel that they cannot relax b/c events may occur at any time
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bodily responses to stress
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liver releases extra sugar/glucose to fuel the muscles, hormones are released to stimulate conversion of fats and protiens to sugar; heart rate and blood pressure increase and the muscles tense; less important things such as digestion and are curtailed. saliva and mucous dry up to increase air passage size; endorphines (body's natural painkiller) are realeased, surface blood vessels constrict to reduce injury; spleen releases more red blood cells to carry oxygen.
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automatic nervous system
adrenal-cortical system |
both systems are controlled by the hypothalamus and help induce the bodily changes due to stress; prepare the body for fight or flight
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fight-or-flight response
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natural stress response. to attack something or run away from it
hypothalamus first activates the sympathetic nervous division of the ANS -- acts directly to smooth muscles and internal organs to produce a change such as increased heart rate or elevated blood pressure; homrmones are released |
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cortisol
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a hormone related to stress; results from the ACTH stimulating the outer layer of the adrenal gland
amt. of coetisol in blood and urine samples is used to measure stress |
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general adaptation syndrome
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organ's and the body's repsonse to stress
Phases: 1. alarm - the body prepares to confront a threat by triggerin synaptic nervous system activity 2. resistance - the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat by fighting or fleeing from it 3. exhaustion - the organism is unable to fight off the threat or flee from it which depletes physiological resources |
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Hans Seyle
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came up with "gen. adaptation sydrome"; argued that wide variety of physical and and psych. stressors trigger a repsonse pattern and that stress is responsible for a wide variety of diseases. created health psychology
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Taylor, Icano, and MacGue
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argued that men and woman have diff. repsonses to stress; females "tend and befriend" and join social groups to avoid stressors since they cannot fight them off as well; men
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health psychology
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investigates the effects of stress and other psych. stressors on the body
1. direct effects - psych. factors (stress, personality, etc.) directly cause phsical changes which lead to disease psych factors --> phys. changes --> disease 2. interactive model: psych. factors interact with biological vulneribility to disease for a person to develop health problems. psych. factors>> vulnerability >>> psy. changes --> disease 3. indirect effects: psych. factors affect disease largely according to people's health habits (ex. smoking, eating habits, etc.) psych. factors --> health behaviors --> disease |
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PTSD
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* part of DSM-IV
* 3 types of symptoms: - reliving the traumatic event - emotional numbing/detachment - hypervigilance and chronic arousal |
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acute stress disorder
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much like PTSD in the way that it is induced by trauma and has similar symptoms
however unlike PTSD it occurs one month within the event and is much more shortlived, lasting no more than 4 weeks dissociative symptoms are also part of the disorder like PTSD the victim rexperiences the trauma, they avoid things that remind them of it, and they experience increased anxiety and arousal people with this disorder still have a high risk of experience PTSD symptoms months later |
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dissociative symptoms
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symptoms that indicate detachment from the trauma; people become extremely emotionally unresponsive and they may have difficulty concentrating, feel detached from themselves or in a dream state, have difficulty recalling events of the trauma;
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adjustment disorder
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consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms (depression symptoms, anxiety, antisocial behavior)
arise within 3 months of the onset of the stressor stressors can be of any severity this disorder lacks some of the PTSD and acute symptoms such as reliving the event a residual category -- people are diagnosed when they experience disorders that do not fit anywhere else |
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traumas involved in PTSD
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natural disasters
abuse combat and war related common traumatic events |
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factors that cause PTSD, besides trauma
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environmental and social factors:
- severity, duration, and proximity of the trauma - social support psychological factors: - shattered assumptions --personal invulernability: people know bad things happen, but never think it will happen to them - preexisting distress - coping styles biological factors: - physiological hypersenstivity(ex. less cortisol during resting, but exaggerated stress symptoms) - |
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PTSD: cognitive behavioral therapy
-systematic desensitization |
proven to be effective in treatment of adults
an important part of this: -systematic desensitization therapy: the client identifies thoughts and situations that create anxiety, ranking them from most anxiety causing to least; the therapist takes the patient through techniques to treat each symptom; also imagining the event repeatedly and discussing it is part of this therapy; it helps the client to seperate it from reality work through it also people are taught positive images to help get rid of nightmares |
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PTSD: stress management
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when people cannot meaning in the trauma, it can be helpful to teach them to block intrusive thoughts
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thought-stopping techniques
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include a client yelling NO loudly when an intrusive thought is coming on, or learning to engage in positive activities to distract attention from these thoughts
part of stress management |
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stress-management interventions
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teaches clients skills for overcoming probs. in their lives that are increasing in their stress and may be the result of PTSD(ex. marital probs. or social isolation)
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eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
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highly controversial therapy for trauma survivors
created by Francine Shapiro client thinks about and imagines the trauma while moving their eyes with a target or therapists hand which creates jerky side to side eye movements very effective and takes multiple sessions helps to restructure clients thoughts on the trauma |
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PTSD: biological therapies
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and to a lesser extent benzodiazepines are useful and treating PTSD, esp. sleep problems; patients can remain symptom free for 5 months but longer if they continue to take SSRIs
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PTSD: sociocultural issues
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certain cultures are more likely to suffer from PTSD b/c they experience more traumas; sometimes there needs to be treatement at a community level
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cross-cultural issues
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all cultures have different ways of dealing with trauma, some healthier than others. for example some asian cultures think it is taboo to express emotion over trauma while native americans have a 7 day cleansing ritual
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community level interventions
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when communities suffer from a tragedy mental health professionals are brought in to help and cater to the needs of the culture
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PTSD
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* part of DSM-IV
* 3 types of symptoms: - reliving the traumatic event - emotional numbing/detachment - hypervigilance and chronic arousal |
|
|
acute stress disorder
|
much like PTSD in the way that it is induced by trauma and has similar symptoms
however unlike PTSD it occurs one month within the event and is much more shortlived, lasting no more than 4 weeks dissociative symptoms are also part of the disorder like PTSD the victim rexperiences the trauma, they avoid things that remind them of it, and they experience increased anxiety and arousal people with this disorder still have a high risk of experience PTSD symptoms months later |
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dissociative symptoms
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symptoms that indicate detachment from the trauma; people become extremely emotionally unresponsive and they may have difficulty concentrating, feel detached from themselves or in a dream state, have difficulty recalling events of the trauma;
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adjustment disorder
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consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms (depression symptoms, anxiety, antisocial behavior)
arise within 3 months of the onset of the stressor stressors can be of any severity this disorder lacks some of the PTSD and acute symptoms such as reliving the event a residual category -- people are diagnosed when they experience disorders that do not fit anywhere else |
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traumas involved in PTSD
|
natural disasters
abuse combat and war related common traumatic events |
|
|
factors that cause PTSD, besides trauma
|
environmental and social factors:
- severity, duration, and proximity of the trauma - social support psychological factors: - shattered assumptions --personal invulernability: people know bad things happen, but never think it will happen to them - preexisting distress - coping styles biological factors: - physiological hypersenstivity(ex. less cortisol during resting, but exaggerated stress symptoms) - |
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|
PTSD: cognitive behavioral therapy
-systematic desensitization |
proven to be effective in treatment of adults
an important part of this: -systematic desensitization therapy: the client identifies thoughts and situations that create anxiety, ranking them from most anxiety causing to least; the therapist takes the patient through techniques to treat each symptom; also imagining the event repeatedly and discussing it is part of this therapy; it helps the client to seperate it from reality work through it also people are taught positive images to help get rid of nightmares |
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PTSD: stress management
|
when people cannot meaning in the trauma, it can be helpful to teach them to block intrusive thoughts
|
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|
thought-stopping techniques
|
include a client yelling NO loudly when an intrusive thought is coming on, or learning to engage in positive activities to distract attention from these thoughts
part of stress management |
|
|
stress-management interventions
|
teaches clients skills for overcoming probs. in their lives that are increasing in their stress and may be the result of PTSD(ex. marital probs. or social isolation)
|
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eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
|
highly controversial therapy for trauma survivors
created by Francine Shapiro client thinks about and imagines the trauma while moving their eyes with a target or therapists hand which creates jerky side to side eye movements very effective and takes multiple sessions helps to restructure clients thoughts on the trauma |
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PTSD: biological therapies
|
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and to a lesser extent benzodiazepines are useful and treating PTSD, esp. sleep problems; patients can remain symptom free for 5 months but longer if they continue to take SSRIs
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PTSD: sociocultural issues
|
certain cultures are more likely to suffer from PTSD b/c they experience more traumas; sometimes there needs to be treatement at a community level
|
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cross-cultural issues
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all cultures have different ways of dealing with trauma, some healthier than others. for example some asian cultures think it is taboo to express emotion over trauma while native americans have a 7 day cleansing ritual
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community level interventions
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when communities suffer from a tragedy mental health professionals are brought in to help and cater to the needs of the culture
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specific phobias
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conform more to popular conceptions of phobia; most fall into one four categories: animal type, natural environmental type, situational type, and blood injection type; when people with phobias encounter what they are afraid of their anxiety is intense and they may encounter panic attacks and those types of symptoms
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animal type phobias
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focused on specific animals or insects; snake phobia appears to be the most common in the US; people who come across the feared animal will startle and probably move away quickly; people are generally diagnosed with this type of phobia because they encounter the animal on a daily basis
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natural environment type phobias
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focused on events or situations in the natural environment (ex. storms, heights, water, etc.). mild to moderate fears of these things are extremely common but irrational fears are not
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situational type phobias
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usually involve fears of things such as public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, etc. or claustrophobia; people with this phobia tend to have panic attacks when put in these situations
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blood-injection type phobias
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people with this type of phobia are extremely afraid of seeing blood or an injury. runs more strongly in families than other types; people experience significant drops in blood pressure and heart rate and are likely to faint
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social phobia
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not categorized as a specific phobia b/c in instead of being afraid of a specific thing, people are very afraid of being embarassed or judged in public
more likely to severely disrupt a person's life then specific phobias in social situations, these people will get severely nervous and may start trembling or perspiring, feel confused or dizzy, have heart palpations, and panic attacks may avoid eating in public as well as using public restrooms , writing in public, or speaking in public think people will judge them as weak, stupid or crazy three typical groups: people who are afraid of speaking in public, people who have moderate anxiety about social situations, or people who have severe fear of almost all situations, even conversations relatively common -- about 7% prevalence women are more likely then men to develop this develop in preschool years or early adolescent years sometimes it is triggered by a traumatic experience, other times it just develops most people with it do not seek treatment and it is chronic |
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psychodynamic theories of phobias
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freud's theory is the most well known
he believes that phobias result from unconscious anxiety and is displaced on an object ex.: Oedipus complex not very credible |
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behavioral theories of phobias
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very successful in explaining phobias
classical conditioning leads to the fear or something and operant conditioning helps to maintain it Watson and Raynor most people develop a phobia to avoid being exposed to the feard object, which means they avoid exposure that could get rid of the phobia running away reduces the anxiety -- negative reinforcement some think that phobias can develop through observational learning |
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prepared classical conditioning
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a behavioral theory
due to evolution things such as spiders, heights, etc. are more rapidly made into phobias than things such as flowers, which are harmless |
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cognitive theories of phobias
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primarily focused on the development of social phobia
people w/ it have extremely high standards for their performance and tend to focus on the negative side of their interactions overly perceptive; biases to attention the enter situations assuming that people will find things wrong with them could have to do with the environments that people have grown up in |
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biological theories of phobias
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first degree relatives of ppl. with phobias are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop phobias
then ppl. who do not have relatives with phobias due in part to genetics gender differences: females are more likely to inherit agoraphobia phobias themselves may not be very hereditary but the predisposition to anxiety is people who were inhibited as young children are more likely to develop social phobia |
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|
behavioral treatment of phobias
the 3 elements |
helps to extinguish fear of the object by exposing the person to it
very effective elements: 1. systematic desensitization: clients create a heirarchy of things that they fear and learn relaxation techniques to reduce this fear 2. modeling: used with systematic desensitization; the therapist will perform the tasks the patient fears and then have the patient do it; helps to patient begin to expose themselves to calm reactions 3. flooding: to intensely put the client in front of the feared thing until the fear extinguishes; the therapist first teaches the client relaxation techniques to use |
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applied tension technique
|
helps to increase blood pressure and heart rate in blood injection type phobics to stop them from fainting
systematic desensitization element of behavioral therapy |
|
|
cognitive-behavioral therapy for phobias
|
more effective then SSRIs
group therapy is often used observational learning more effective at preventing relapse than drugs |
|
|
self efficacy expectations
|
creating expectations in clients that they have already made so much progress and that they will make more
|
|
|
specific phobias
|
conform more to popular conceptions of phobia; most fall into one four categories: animal type, natural environmental type, situational type, and blood injection type; when people with phobias encounter what they are afraid of their anxiety is intense and they may encounter panic attacks and those types of symptoms
|
|
|
animal type phobias
|
focused on specific animals or insects; snake phobia appears to be the most common in the US; people who come across the feared animal will startle and probably move away quickly; people are generally diagnosed with this type of phobia because they encounter the animal on a daily basis
|
|
|
natural environment type phobias
|
focused on events or situations in the natural environment (ex. storms, heights, water, etc.). mild to moderate fears of these things are extremely common but irrational fears are not
|
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|
situational type phobias
|
usually involve fears of things such as public transportation, tunnels, bridges, elevators, etc. or claustrophobia; people with this phobia tend to have panic attacks when put in these situations
|
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|
blood-injection type phobias
|
people with this type of phobia are extremely afraid of seeing blood or an injury. runs more strongly in families than other types; people experience significant drops in blood pressure and heart rate and are likely to faint
|
|
|
social phobia
|
not categorized as a specific phobia b/c in instead of being afraid of a specific thing, people are very afraid of being embarassed or judged in public
more likely to severely disrupt a person's life then specific phobias in social situations, these people will get severely nervous and may start trembling or perspiring, feel confused or dizzy, have heart palpations, and panic attacks may avoid eating in public as well as using public restrooms , writing in public, or speaking in public think people will judge them as weak, stupid or crazy three typical groups: people who are afraid of speaking in public, people who have moderate anxiety about social situations, or people who have severe fear of almost all situations, even conversations relatively common -- about 7% prevalence women are more likely then men to develop this develop in preschool years or early adolescent years sometimes it is triggered by a traumatic experience, other times it just develops most people with it do not seek treatment and it is chronic |
|
|
psychodynamic theories of phobias
|
freud's theory is the most well known
he believes that phobias result from unconscious anxiety and is displaced on an object ex.: Oedipus complex not very credible |
|
|
behavioral theories of phobias
|
very successful in explaining phobias
classical conditioning leads to the fear or something and operant conditioning helps to maintain it Watson and Raynor most people develop a phobia to avoid being exposed to the feard object, which means they avoid exposure that could get rid of the phobia running away reduces the anxiety -- negative reinforcement some think that phobias can develop through observational learning |
|
|
prepared classical conditioning
|
a behavioral theory
due to evolution things such as spiders, heights, etc. are more rapidly made into phobias than things such as flowers, which are harmless |
|
|
cognitive theories of phobias
|
primarily focused on the development of social phobia
people w/ it have extremely high standards for their performance and tend to focus on the negative side of their interactions overly perceptive; biases to attention the enter situations assuming that people will find things wrong with them could have to do with the environments that people have grown up in |
|
|
biological theories of phobias
|
first degree relatives of ppl. with phobias are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop phobias
then ppl. who do not have relatives with phobias due in part to genetics gender differences: females are more likely to inherit agoraphobia phobias themselves may not be very hereditary but the predisposition to anxiety is people who were inhibited as young children are more likely to develop social phobia |
|
|
behavioral treatment of phobias
the 3 elements |
helps to extinguish fear of the object by exposing the person to it
very effective elements: 1. systematic desensitization: clients create a heirarchy of things that they fear and learn relaxation techniques to reduce this fear 2. modeling: used with systematic desensitization; the therapist will perform the tasks the patient fears and then have the patient do it; helps to patient begin to expose themselves to calm reactions 3. flooding: to intensely put the client in front of the feared thing until the fear extinguishes; the therapist first teaches the client relaxation techniques to use |
|
|
applied tension technique
|
helps to increase blood pressure and heart rate in blood injection type phobics to stop them from fainting
systematic desensitization element of behavioral therapy |
|
|
cognitive-behavioral therapy for phobias
|
more effective then SSRIs
group therapy is often used observational learning more effective at preventing relapse than drugs |
|
|
self efficacy expectations
|
creating expectations in clients that they have already made so much progress and that they will make more
|
|
|
biological treatments of phobias
|
benzodiazepines are used to help treat phobias; helps to create temporary relief and reduce anxiety;
antidepressants and SSRIs are often used to treat social phobia but there are bad side effects and people will often relapse |
|
|
generalized anxiety disorder (GAS)
|
people are anxious in almost all situations and almost all of the time
they worry about everything and focus of worries shifts frequently symptoms can include muscle tension, sleep disturbances, chronic restlessness they report feeling tired a lot, probably due to loss of sleep and muscle tension prevalence - 5% in women, 3% in men over half of people with GAD also develop another anxiety disorder such as another anxiety disorder, such as phobias or panic disorder; 70% end up experiencing a mood disorder and about 1/3 experience substance abuse many people experience it all of their lives and it commonly first shows in childhood or adolescence |
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psychodynamic theories of GAD
3 types of anxiety |
freud
1. realistic anxiety: occurs when we face real danger of threat 2. neurotic anxiety: occurs when we supress our id impulses 3. moral anxiety: occurs when we have been punished for expressing id impulses GA occurs when our defense mechanisms can no longer contain our impulses and we cannot find healthy ways to express them recent theories focus on upbringing and early relationships and their effects |
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humanistic and existential theories of GAD
|
people strive to meet the unrealistic conditions of worth due to the way they have been treated by significant others
they become chronically anxious or depressed b/c they cannot meet these standards people face existental anxiety and can avoid it by facing lifes issues and trying to make life meaningful not very researched or credible |
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conditions of worth
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humanistic/exsistential approach
harsh standards people feel they must meet in order to feel acceptable comes from negative feedback from significant others |
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existential anxiety
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a universal human fear of the limits and responsibilities of ones exsistance
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cognitive theories of GAD
|
cognitions of people with GAD are focused on threat at the conscious and unconscious level
people have maladaptive assumptions that set them up for anxiety most of these issues deal with being in control and losing it people believe that worrying can prevent bad events from happening they avoid visual images of what they worry about, which does not allow them to condsider how they would cope automatic thoughts: maladaptive assumptions lead people to thoughts that stir up anxiety unconscious cognitions appear to be about deleting possible threats stroop color test |
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biological theories of GAD
|
benzodiazepines reduce increase GABA activity, a nuertotransmitter that carries inhibitory messages from neurons; people may have a deficency of GABA and GABA receptors which results in excessive nueron firing particularly in the limbic system which is involved behavioral responses which leads to chronic anxiety
modestly hereditary |
|
|
cognitive behavioral treatments for GAD
|
focuses on helping people confront the issues that they worry most about
help develop new coping strategies more effective then medical or humanistic therapies |
|
|
biological treatments of GAD
|
benzodiazepines (xanax, valium, etc.) provide short term relief from anxiety but can be addictive and people will relapse right away
busoprine(buspar) helps to eliminate GAD from some; few side effects and non addictive; blocks serotonin; azaspirones tricyclic antidepressant imiparmine (Tofanil) and SSRIs paxil do a good job at reducing anxiety |
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obsessions
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thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, the person feels intrudes on his or her consciousness without control and that cause significant anxiety of distress
|
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compulsions
|
repetitive acts that a person feels they must perform
|
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obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
|
classified as an anxiety disorder b/c people with it experience anxiety as a result of their obsessional thoughts when they cant carry out their compulsions
may soon no longer be considered an anxiety disorder begins at a young age chronic if left untreated 66% of people with it are depressed and panic attacks, phobias and substance abuse are common 1-3% will develop it at some point |
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OCD symptoms`
|
most common type of obsession focuses on dirt and contamination
others include agressive impulses, sexual thoughts, immoral impulses, etc. they do not always carry out their impulses, and feel extremely guilty about them checking compulsions are common people often believe that the reptiation of rituals will ward off danger |
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|
biological theories of OCD
|
neurobiological disorder
circuit in the brain that is involved with exection of primitive patterns of behavior caudate nucleus - allows only strongest impulses to be carried out dysfunction in this circuit may result in system's inability to turn of primitive impulses PET scans show more activity in these areas ppl. often get relief when they take drugs that reguare serontonin these people probably have depleted serotonin OCD can run in families |
|
|
biological treatments of phobias
|
benzodiazepines are used to help treat phobias; helps to create temporary relief and reduce anxiety;
antidepressants and SSRIs are often used to treat social phobia but there are bad side effects and people will often relapse |
|
|
generalized anxiety disorder (GAS)
|
people are anxious in almost all situations and almost all of the time
they worry about everything and focus of worries shifts frequently symptoms can include muscle tension, sleep disturbances, chronic restlessness they report feeling tired a lot, probably due to loss of sleep and muscle tension prevalence - 5% in women, 3% in men over half of people with GAD also develop another anxiety disorder such as another anxiety disorder, such as phobias or panic disorder; 70% end up experiencing a mood disorder and about 1/3 experience substance abuse many people experience it all of their lives and it commonly first shows in childhood or adolescence |
|
|
psychodynamic theories of GAD
3 types of anxiety |
freud
1. realistic anxiety: occurs when we face real danger of threat 2. neurotic anxiety: occurs when we supress our id impulses 3. moral anxiety: occurs when we have been punished for expressing id impulses GA occurs when our defense mechanisms can no longer contain our impulses and we cannot find healthy ways to express them recent theories focus on upbringing and early relationships and their effects |
|
|
humanistic and existential theories of GAD
|
people strive to meet the unrealistic conditions of worth due to the way they have been treated by significant others
they become chronically anxious or depressed b/c they cannot meet these standards people face existental anxiety and can avoid it by facing lifes issues and trying to make life meaningful not very researched or credible |
|
|
conditions of worth
|
humanistic/exsistential approach
harsh standards people feel they must meet in order to feel acceptable comes from negative feedback from significant others |
|
|
existential anxiety
|
a universal human fear of the limits and responsibilities of ones exsistance
|
|
|
cognitive theories of GAD
|
cognitions of people with GAD are focused on threat at the conscious and unconscious level
people have maladaptive assumptions that set them up for anxiety most of these issues deal with being in control and losing it people believe that worrying can prevent bad events from happening they avoid visual images of what they worry about, which does not allow them to condsider how they would cope automatic thoughts: maladaptive assumptions lead people to thoughts that stir up anxiety unconscious cognitions appear to be about deleting possible threats stroop color test |
|
|
biological theories of GAD
|
benzodiazepines reduce increase GABA activity, a nuertotransmitter that carries inhibitory messages from neurons; people may have a deficency of GABA and GABA receptors which results in excessive nueron firing particularly in the limbic system which is involved behavioral responses which leads to chronic anxiety
modestly hereditary |
|
|
cognitive behavioral treatments for GAD
|
focuses on helping people confront the issues that they worry most about
help develop new coping strategies more effective then medical or humanistic therapies |
|
|
biological treatments of GAD
|
benzodiazepines (xanax, valium, etc.) provide short term relief from anxiety but can be addictive and people will relapse right away
busoprine(buspar) helps to eliminate GAD from some; few side effects and non addictive; blocks serotonin; azaspirones tricyclic antidepressant imiparmine (Tofanil) and SSRIs paxil do a good job at reducing anxiety |
|
|
obsessions
|
thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, the person feels intrudes on his or her consciousness without control and that cause significant anxiety of distress
|
|
|
compulsions
|
repetitive acts that a person feels they must perform
|
|
|
obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
|
classified as an anxiety disorder b/c people with it experience anxiety as a result of their obsessional thoughts when they cant carry out their compulsions
may soon no longer be considered an anxiety disorder begins at a young age chronic if left untreated 66% of people with it are depressed and panic attacks, phobias and substance abuse are common 1-3% will develop it at some point |
|
|
OCD symptoms`
|
most common type of obsession focuses on dirt and contamination
others include agressive impulses, sexual thoughts, immoral impulses, etc. they do not always carry out their impulses, and feel extremely guilty about them checking compulsions are common people often believe that the reptiation of rituals will ward off danger |
|
|
biological theories of OCD
|
neurobiological disorder
circuit in the brain that is involved with exection of primitive patterns of behavior caudate nucleus - allows only strongest impulses to be carried out dysfunction in this circuit may result in system's inability to turn of primitive impulses PET scans show more activity in these areas ppl. often get relief when they take drugs that reguare serontonin these people probably have depleted serotonin OCD can run in families |
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psychodynamic theories of OCD
|
particular obsessions of compulsions of people with OCD are symbolic of the unconscious conflicts that they are gaurding against
people can be treated for OCD by gaining insight into these conflicts not effective |
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cognitive-behavioral therapies
|
everyone has intrusive thoughts, but people with OCD have difficult turning off these thoughts
this may be b/c they are depressed or anxious so even minor events can induce these thoughts they judge the thoughts more and become more anxious and feel more guilty over having the thoughts and anxiety makes it harder to dismiss these thoughts they believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, although no one actually can compulsions develop through operant conditioning; negative reinforcement of the behaviors occurs b/c people find relief in compulsions |
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biological treatments of OCD
|
antidepressants can help relieve symptoms in many patients by b/c of the effect of the level of serotonin(prozac, paxil, zoloft, etc.) 50-80% experience reduction in compulsions
many people respond to SSRIs, but there are a lot of side effects |
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cognitive behavioral treatments for OCD
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many people believe that drugs and cog.-behavioral treatments must be combined to get treatment
focuses on repeatedly exposing the clients to the client to their obsessions and preventing compulsive responses to the anxiety this is thought to decrease the amt. of anxiety and the person must be prevented by following through with the compulsion leads to a significant improvement for most but not all patients |
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social approaches to anxiety disorders
|
people in unstable countries undergoing many changes are more likely to experience anxiety then those living in stable countries
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gender differences in anxiety disorders
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overall, a lot more women deal with anxiety disorders than men do
this has to do with their place in society, their relationships, and what is expected of them also coping styles play a role however men do not always seek appropriate help for anxiety and sometimes substance abuse can be a problem women are more succeptable to violence, which is a factor |
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cross-cultural differencs in anxiety
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"attack of the nerves" common in latino communities
in japan there is a great fear of offending others |
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somatoform disorders
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group of disorders in which people experience signigcant physical symptoms for which there is no organic cause
people w/ the disorder usually do not consciously produce or control the symptoms and the symptoms pass only when the psych. issues are resolved unlike psychosomomatic b/c tests show no medical probs. |
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psychosomatic disorders
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medical disorders in which the person has an actual physical illness or defect that can be documented with medical tests and that is worsened b/c psych. factors
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malingering
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people fake a symptom or disorder in order to avoid an unwanted situation
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factitious disorders
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a person deliberately fakes an illness to gain medical attention
completely intentional, unlike malingering ex. Munchausen's sydrome |
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factitious disorder by proxy
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parents fake or create illnesses in their children in order to gain attention for themselves
many parents are extremely good at hiding it |
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conversion disorder
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type of somatoform disorder
people lose funcioning in part of their bodies, apparently due to nuerological or medical issues. common symptoms include paralysis, blindness, hearing loss, muteness, anesthesthia in a limb, loss or coordination, etc. usually follows some sort of psych. stressor extremely rare |
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la belle indifference
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"the beautiful difference"
in conversion disorders, people appear to unconcerned about their loss of functioning |
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theories of conversion disorder
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originally it was believed that only women developed this
people thought it had to do with a "wandering womb" common during the world wars more common among sexual abuse survivors and can occur in children these people are highly hypnotizable and the fake problems may result from self hypnosis |
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glove anesthestia
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part of conversion disorder
a person losing feeling in their hand, but no in their whole arm it usually went away when under hypnosis people recalled the stressful event leading to it freud |
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distinguishing coversion disorder from a physical one
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it is not always easy to rule out physical causes
many times, it turns out that people diagnosed with conversion disorder actually truly were suffering from a medical disorder that could not be identified at the time |
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treatment of conversion disorder
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psychoanalytic: focuses on expression of painful emotions and memories and insight into the relationship b/t these and conversion symptoms
behavioral treatment: focus on relieving the person's anxiety around the initial trauma that caused the symptoms and on reducing any benefits the person may be receiving from the symptoms these people are difficult to treat b/c they do not believe that anything is wrong with them |
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somatization disorder
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the person has a long history of complaints about physical symptoms affecting many different areas of the body for which medical attention has been sought but there does appear to be a physical cause; the person must complain of pain symptoms in at least 4 areas of the body, in including 2 intestinal symptoms, a sexual symptom, and a neurological symptom; often goes from doctor to doctor; may also report lost of functioning in part of the body; people may be prone to periods of anxiety; more common in women; europeans are least likely to suffer from it; long term problem
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pain disorder
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people who complain only of chronic pain
patient may insist on procedures and surgeries people may be prone to periods of anxiety similar to somatization disorder |
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theories of somatization disorder and pain disorder
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disorders run in families, primarily among female relatives while male relatives of these people are more predisposed to alocholism and personality disorder
not clear whether it has to do with genetics cognitive theory suggests that persons w/ these disorders tend to experience body sensations more intensely than others and catastrophize symptoms; all of this affects the way the person will present symptoms to people; may be part of PTSD refuguess and immigrants have increased chance of developing disorder b/c |
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treatment of somatization and pain disorder
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it is hard to convince people that they have these disorders
psychodynamic therapies: provide insight into connections b/t emotions and physical symptoms by helping people recall events and memories that may trigger the symptoms behavior therapies attempt to determine the reinforcements the person receives for their symptoms and then eliminate them cognitive therapies help people learn to appropriately interpret physical symptoms antidepressents can help to improve these probs. |
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hypochondriasis
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people worry that they have a disease but not always experience the symptoms of it and believe that they should seek out medical help immediately
may go from doctor to doctor, sure that they have the disease often mistake for somatization not very common |
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body dysmorphic disorder
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people are excessively preoccupied with a part of their body that they believe is defective
they spend hours obsessing about the body part often goes along with OCD |
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dissosciatve disorders
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mild experiences disorders are common
being completely detached from a situation |
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dissociative identity disorder
(DID) |
people with this disorder have more than one distinct personality and many people have over a dozen
these alters can all have their own distinct traits males appear to be more agressive than females |
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symptoms of DID
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presence of multiple alters with disctinct personalities
child alters are most common childhood trauma or abuse is often assosciated with this disorder persecutor personality: inflicts pain or punishment on the host and other personliaties helper personality: offer advice to the other personalities; sometimes control the switiching of personalities people calim to have period of amnesia or blank spells self-destructive behavior is common behavioral and emotional problems people report hearing voices in their heads |
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issues in diagnosis of DID
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people are reluctant to diagnose it
more commonly diagnosed in americans an latinos |
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explanations of DID
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it is often viewed as a result of coping used by people faced with intolerable trauma
previously may have endured sexual or physical abuse these people are highly hypnotizable and may use self hynotism may use it to help them cope |
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treatment of DID
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can be extremely challenging
integration of all of the alter personalities into 1 |
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dissociative fugue
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person will suddenly pick up and move to a new place, assume a new identity, and have no memory of the previous one; suddenly he may return to his home and resume his previous identity as if nothing has happened
can last for days or years some but not all do it in a response to trauma |
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dissociative amnesia
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the person cannot remember important facts about their lives and their identities and are usually aware that there are large gaps in their memory
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organic amnesia
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comes from a medical cause
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to remember new info.
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psychogenic amnesia
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amnesia from psych. causes; rarely involves anterograde amnesia; possible that is the brains way of shutting out intolerable memories
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retrograde amnesia
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inability to remember info. from the past; can have both organic and psychogenic causes
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depersonalization disorder
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people have frequent episodes where they feel detached from their bodies as if they are outside observers of themselves
occasional episodes are not uncommon |
