Abnormal Psychology Ch 1-3

Front 1

Clinical Description of Abnormal Behavior:

a problem first noted as the reason for coming to a clinical setting.

Back 1

presenting problem

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Clinical Description of Abnormal Behavior:

to specify what makes a disorder different from normal behavior and other disorders.

Back 2

clinical description

Front 3

Clinical Description of Abnormal Behavior:

the number of people in the population as a whole who have the disorder.

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prevalence

Front 4

Clinical Description of Abnormal Behavior:

the number of new cases of a disorder occurring during a specific period of time.

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incidence

Front 5

Clinical Description of Abnormal Behavior:

the pattern of the disorder in time; can be described as chronic, episodic, or time-limited.

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course, related to prognosis

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Clinical Description of Abnormal Behavior:

refers to disorders that begin suddenly.

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acute onset

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Clinical Description of Abnormal Behavior:

refers to disorders that develop gradually over time.

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insidious onset

Front 8

Causation, Treatment, and Outcomes:

factors or dimensions that cause psychological disorders, such factors include biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Back 8

etiology

Front 9

Causation, Treatment, and Outcomes:

can include psychological, psycho-pharmacological, or some combination of the two.

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treatment

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Causation, Treatment, and Outcomes:

assists in making inferences about the variables leading to and maintaining a disorder, but not in the determination of the actual causes of the disorder. (aspirin alleviates headaches, but headaches are not caused by deficits of aspirin in the brain)

Back 10

successful outcome

Front 11

Psychoanalytic Theory:

the psychologists which the psycho-dynamic model grew out of

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partially: Anton Mesmer (father of hypnosis) and Jean Charcot

largely: Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer

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Psychoanalytic Theory:

Freud believed that the mind was composed of these three counterparts.

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the id, ego, and the superego

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Psychoanalytic Theory:

this operates on the pleasure principle, or the maximization of pleasure and minimization of competing tension; thought to be the source of sexual and aggressive thoughts and behaviors.

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the id

Front 14

Psychoanalytic Theory:

thought to develop a few months after birth to foster realistic interactions with the environment; it operates on the reality principle (logical and reasonable thought)

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the ego

Front 15

Psychoanalytic Theory:

conscience; develops last and represents the moral standards instilled by parents or other important influences; primarily to balance competing id and ego conflict to meet social demands.

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the superego

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Psychoanalytic Theory:

unconscious protective processes to keep intrapsychic conflicts in check. (developed by Freuds daughter)

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defense mechanisms

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms:

redirection anger on a less threatening object or person.

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displacement

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms:

refusal to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subject experience that is apparent to others.

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denial

Front 19

Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms:

falsely attributing one's unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts on another individual or object.

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projection

Front 20

Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms:

concealing true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations.

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rationalization

Front 21

Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms:

substituting behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are direct opposites of unacceptable ones.

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reaction formation

Front 22

Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms:

blocking disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness.

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repression

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Defense Mechanisms:

directing potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially accepted behavior.

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sublimation

Front 24

Psychoanalytic Theory

psychosexual developmental stages

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital: represent distinct patters of gratifying needs.

phallic being the most controversial.

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

what did the Neo-Freudians do?

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adapted the classical psychoanalytic approach and modified and developed it in a number of different directions.

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

developed by Anna Freud, to emphasize the influence of the ego in defining behavior.

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self-psychology

Front 27

Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

developed by Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg, the study of how children incorporate (introject) the images, memories, and values of significant others (objects).

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object relations

Front 28

Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

Carl Jung's and Alfred Adler's belief of human nature

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the basic quality of human nature is positive, and there is a drive toward self-actualization.

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson concentrated on

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concentrated on life-span development and societal influences on behavior.

Front 30

Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

geared to help clients understand the true nature of their intrapsychic conflicts and psychological problems.

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psychoanalytic psychotherapy

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

techniques used by psychoanalysts to help reveal conflicts to the client.

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free association and dream analysis

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

when the patient begins to relate to the therapist as they did with important people in their lives.

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transference

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Psychoanalytic Theory
Neo-Freudians:

where the therapist projects their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient.

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counter-transference

Front 34

Humanistic Theory:

primary humanistic theorists; with the view that people are basically good.

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Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and Fritz Perls

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Humanistic Theory:

the assumption that all people strive to reach their highest potential. with freedom and support, one's drive towards this may be highly successful, however if it is thwarted, psychological problems may develop.

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self-actualization

Front 36

Humanistic Theory:

unlike psychoanalysis, the therapist takes a passive role, makes very few interpretations, and attempts to convey the client into a sense of...

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unconditional positive regard

Front 37

The Behavioral Model:

discovered by Ivan Pavlov, where a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that (conditioned) response.

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classical conditioning

Front 38

The Behavioral Model:

John Watson's view on psychology

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the field of psychology should be based on scientific analyses of observable and measurable behavior, such analyses could be used in the prediction and control of it.

Front 39

The Behavioral Model:

a therapeutic procedure; a person may extinguish fear by practicing relaxation and pairing it with the phobic stimulus.

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systematic desensitization

Front 40

The Behavioral Model:

B.F. Skinner developed this concept, learning which occurs when responses are modified as a function of the consequence of the response.

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operant conditioning

Front 41

This model of psychopathology posits a single cause. (it's all conditioning, it's all biology, it's all social or psychological)

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one-dimensional model

Front 42

This model of psychopathology is systemic and often interdisciplinary, holding a system of different reciprocal influences (biological, cognitive, learning, emotional, social, cultural, developmental) which interact in complex ways to yield the major etiological and maintaining processes responsible for abnormal behavior.

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multi-dimensional model

Front 43

Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology:

long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that are located at various chromosomal sites within the cell nucleus.

Back 43

genes

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Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology:

the DNA molecular structure of genes.

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double helix, or spiral ladder

Front 45

Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology:

one of the pair of genes that determine a particular trait and the effect can be quite noticeable.

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dominant gene

Front 46

Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology:

must be paired with another gene of this type to determine it's trait.

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recessive gene

Front 47

Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology:

the term doted to the fact that human development and behavior is influenced by many genes that individually exert a small effect.

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polygenic