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Espinosa et al (2001)

Sensitivity rating scale and strange situation test used. Maternal psychopathology during pregnancy was found to be associated with both early caregiving and attachment. Mothers exhibiting Axis II disorders provided less sensitive caregiving and had toddlers that were more likely to be disorganised/disorientated in their attachments.

Axis II and strange situation severity rating scale.

Nomura & Chemtob (2009)

The number of maternal psychopathologies were associated with an increase in functional impairment. Children with mothers who had depression and PTSD were at greater risk of several clinically significant problems, notably aggressive behaviour, emotionally reactive behaviour and somatic complaints.

Field, Diego & Hermandez-Reif (2009)

Infants of depressed mothers were found to be less responsive to faces and voices as early as the neo-natal period. At this time, they have shown less orientating to the live faces, voice stimulus' sod the brazelton scale examiner and less orientating to their own and other infants cry sounds. This lesser responsiveness was attributed to higher arousal, less attentiveness and less empathy.