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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Schizophrenia involves a continuous disturbance of __ months or more that includes at least __ month of __ or more active phase symptoms.
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- 6 months or more
- 1 month or more - 2 active phase symptoms |
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Schizophreniform Disorder involves a continuous disturbance of __ months that includes at least __ month of __ or more active phase symptoms. Impaired social and occupational functioning ___
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- at least 1 month but less than 6 months
- at least 1 month - 2 active phase symptoms - Impaired social and occupational functioning is not required for a diagnosis (but may occur) |
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Schizoaffective Disorder involves a continuous disturbance of __ months or more that includes at least __ month of __ or more active phase symptoms and during the same continuous period there is a __. in addition, there must be a __ week period in which hallucinations or delusions are present without mood symptoms.
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- 6 months or more
- 1 month or more - 2 or more active phase symptoms - major depressive, manic, or mixed episode - at least two weeks without prominent mood symptoms |
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Delusional Disorder involves a continuous disturbance of __ months or more that includes at least __ delusions.
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- 1 month
- 1 nonbizarre delusion |
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Bried Psychotic Disorder involves a continuous disturbance of __ months or more of psychotic symptoms with an eventual ___
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- at least 1 day but less than 1 month
- full return to premorbid functioning |
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catatonic behavior is a __ symptom of schizophrenia
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positive
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alogia
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poverty of thought
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5 subtypes of schizophrenia
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paranoid type
disorganized type catatonic type undifferentiated type residual type |
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Sxhizophrenia subtype with most favorable prognosis = ?
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paranoid type
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onset for male is ages ___ and for females is ages ___
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males: 18-25
females: 25-35 |
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better prognosis of schizophrenia is associated with __ gender, family history of __ disorder, a __ onset, acute onset, and no family history of schizophrenia.
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- female
- mood disorder - late onset |
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Schizophrenia concordance rates for biological siblings = ?
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10%
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Schizophrenia concordance rates for child of two parents with schizophrenia = ?
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46%
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Schizophrenia concordance rates for identical twin = ?
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48%
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Schizophrenia concordance rates for fraternal twin = ?
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17%
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Most common brain abnormalities associated with Schizophrenia include ___; others include smaller than normal __, __, and __. Functional abnormalities include ___, which is associated with negative symptoms.
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- enlarged ventricles
- smaller than normal hippocampus, amygdala, and globus pallidus - hypofrontality |
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Although the ___ hypothesis was formerly widely accepted theory of Schizophrenia, more recent discoveries include elevated levels of __ and __, and lowered levels of __ and __.
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- dopamine
- norepinephrine and serotonin - GABA and glutamate |
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6 subtypes of Delusional Disorder = ?
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1) Erotomanic
2) Grandiose 3) Jealous 4) Persecutory 5) Somatic 6) Unspecified |
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The essential feature of a Major Depressive Episode is a depressed mood and/or a ____ that persists for at least __. At least __ symptoms must be present.
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- loss of interest or enjoyment in customary activities,
- 2 weeks, - 5 symptoms |
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A Manic Episode involves an elevated or irritable mood for at least __ during which at least __ symptoms are present. For a diagnosis, impairment must represent a need for ___ and/or ___.
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- 1 week, - 3 symptoms, - hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others and/or the presence of psychotic features
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A Hypomanic Episode lasts at least __ and must include at least __ symptoms.
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- 4 days,
- 3 symptoms |
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A Mixed Episode lasts at least __ and involves ___.
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- 1 week,
- rapidly alternating symptoms of Manic or Major Depressive Episodes |
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Major Depressive Disorder with Postpartum Onset may be applied when the onset of symptoms is within __ postpartum. About __-__% of women meet criteria for MDD or Bipolar D/O with Postpartum Onset while about ___ develops a depressive psychosis. Up to __% of women experience “baby blues” which take place within __ postpartum.
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- 4 weeks,
- 10-20%, - 1 in 500 to 1 in 1000, - 70%, - 10 days |
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The “Kindling Model” of affective disorders was developed by ___ and states that ___.
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- Post (1992),
- previous depressive episodes are related more than life stressors to the increased risk of future episodes |
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The __ states that depression is due to low norepinephrine, while the ___ states that depression is due to low levels of serotonin.
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- catecholamine hypothesis,
- indolamine hypothesis |
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Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale developed the ____ theory of depression, which states ___.
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- reformulated learned helplessness model,
- depression is the result of prior exposure to uncontrollable negative events couples with a tendency to attribute those events to internal, stable, and global factors. |
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Abramson, Metalksy, and Alloy developed the ____ theory of depression, which states ___.
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– hopelessness theory of depression,
- depression is related to a sense of hopelessness. |
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Rehm, Kaslow, and Rabin developed the ___ theory of depression, which states ___.
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- self-control model,
- depression is the result of a combination of problems related to self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement |
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Bipolar II is diagnosed when a person has had ____.
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At least 1 major depressive episode and 1 hypomanic episode, but never a manic or mixed episode
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Pharmacology for Bipolar Disorder: Lithobid or eskalith are also known as ___. Carbatrol is known as ___. And Depakote is also called ___.
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Lithium, Carbamazepine, Divalproex Sodium.
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During 2005–2009, the highest suicide rates were among which ethnic group?
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American Indian/Alaskan Natives
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The highest rates for suicide have been seen in this age group: ___
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45-54 years old
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In terms of marital status, the highest rate for suicide is for ___, followed by ___, and lastly for ___.
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Divorced/separated/widowed, single, married
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The most effective treatment for panic attacks and agoraphobia is ___.
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In vivo exposure with response prevention
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According to Mower’s two-factor theory, phobias are the result of ___: People first learn to fear a ___ because of its pairing with an intrinsic ___, and their avoidance response is then ___ because it keeps them from experiencing anxiety.
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- avoidance conditioning,
- conditioned stimulus, - unconditioned stimulus, - negatively reinforced |
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An alternative explanation of phobia is ___ theory, which holds that phobic reactions are a result of vicarious learning.
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social learning
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Effective treatment for kids’ fear of the dark is ___.
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cognitive self control
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The beta-blocker ___ has been found useful for reducing somatic symptoms of social phobia.
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propranol
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__% of those with an Anxiety Disorder have a comorbid diagnosis. Of the Anxiety Disorders, the diagnosis of ___ is associated with the highest comorbidity rates, which is most often ___, followed by ___, and ___.
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- 50%,
- GAD, - depression/dysthymia, - substance abuse, - simple phobia and social phobia |
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Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia is associated with __(higher/lower?)__ comorbidity rates than PD without Agoraphobia.
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higher
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The most effective treatment for Panic Disorder is ___. Psychopharm treatments alone are associated with relapse rates of __%.
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In vivo exposure with response prevention (flooding),
- 30-70% |
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The most effective treatment for PTSD is __. A useful additional treatment is the use of __.
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- a comprehensive CBT approach that includes exposure, cognitive restructuring, anxiety management, and similar techniques.
– an SSRI |
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The most effective treatment for Social Phobia is __. The medication ___ has also been found effective for reducing somatic symptoms.
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- exposure,
- propranolol (a beta-blocker) |
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The most effective treatment for OCD is __. Medication, when used alone, has been found to be __.
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exposure with response prevention AND a clomipramine (a TCA) or an SSRI,
- meds used alone are associated with a high risk of relapse |
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The most effective treatment for GAD is ___.
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a multicomponent CBT approach, and for many patients, an SSRI or the anxiolytic buspirone (Buspar)
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Panic Disorder w/ Agoraphobia, in contrast to Social Phobia, includes attacks that are ___, that occur in __ situations including __, and that ___ in presence of friends.
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- unexpected,
- many situations including sleep, - symptoms decrease when accompanied by a trusted friend |
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Medical conditions to rule out when considering Panic Disorder include __, __, __, and __.
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hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmia, and mitral valve prolapsed
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Onset of Specific Phobia is usually in __ or in __.
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childhood or mid-twenties
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5 subtypes of Specific Phobia include: ___. The most common of these is __.
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animal, natural environment, situational, blood-infection-injury, and other.
– The most common is Situational |
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Mower’s ___ theory suggests that Specific Phobias are the result ___. An alternative explanation is ___, which describes phobic reactions as behaviors that are acquired by observing others.
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- two-factor theory,
- avoidance conditioning, - social learning theory |
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Differences between GAD and nonpathological anxiety include __, __, and __.
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GAD feel they cannot control symptoms, GAD are anxious about more events, and GAD have more physical symptoms
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