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64 Cards in this Set
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psychological disorders
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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
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ex. ADHD, Schizophrenia
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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: Extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness
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ex. can't focus in school, 4% of children have ADHD. is this overdiagnosed? some think so, some don't.
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medical model
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the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
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ex. a way to explain psychological diseases.
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DSM-IV-TR
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the american psychiatric association's diagnostic and statistical manual oif mental disorders, fourth edition, updated as a 20000 "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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ex. like an MSDS for psych disorders. diagnosing, symptoms, illness
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anxiety disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
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ex. generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, OCD
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. always worrying.
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ex. 2/3 of people are women - worry continually. often jittery, agitate and sleep-deprived. can't concentrate.
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Panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredicable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations.
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ex. Beth - her situation.
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phobias
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anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.
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ex. irrational fear. fear of heights when i was younger
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
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an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
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ex. howie mandel and his obsession with being clean. having certain "habits."
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
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ex. veterans come back and afraid of unkonown places. it depends on how prepared you were for the situation. sensitive limbic system increases symptoms.
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post-traumatic growth
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positive psycohlogical changes in a result of struggling with extermely challenging circumstances and life crises
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ex. "what doesn't kill you makes you stronger".
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somatoform disorders
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psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (boldily) form without apparent physical cause
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ex. the patients are the clinic. no cause?
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conversion disorder
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a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological bases can be found.
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ex. clinic - anxiety is converted to a physical disorder. lose sensation in a way that makes no neurological sense, yet the physical symptoms are real.
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hypochondriasis
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a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
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ex. stomach ache and headache = cancer. no reassurance can help.
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dissociative disorders
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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dossociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
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multiple personality disorders - not oneself.
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. formerly called multiple personality disorder
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ex. dr. jekyll/mr. hyde. good and bad - the football player.
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mood disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
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ex. major depressive disorder (low), mania, and bipolar disorder (high and low).
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major depressive disorder
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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs of a medical condition, two ore more weeks of significantly dpressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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ex. you know a lot o hs students who have depression.
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mania
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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic states.
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ex. crazy, fast forward
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bipolar disorder
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ex. a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder)
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ex. ups and downs. keep going back and forth.
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Schizophrenia
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"split mind" - a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.
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ex. the girl who thought she had friends named 400 and wednesday
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delusions
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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
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ex. thinking you're Mary Poppins when you're not.
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Paranoid schizophrenia
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preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity
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ex. thinking someone is following you.
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disorganized schizophrenia
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disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
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ex. I had soup for lunch today. did you paint my room to make me upset? My grandfather died five minutes after eating.
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catatonic schizophrenia
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immobility, extreme negativism, parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements
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ex. not moving. copying.
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undifferentiated
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many and varied symptoms
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residual
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withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
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ex. the after affects.
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personality disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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ex. anxiety disorder, antisocial disorder. avoidant personality disorder. schizoid personality disorder - detatched.
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antisocial personality disorder
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a personality disorder in which person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward family and friends. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
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ex. formally called sociopath or psychopath. lack of conscienc e- lies, steals, fights.
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Eclectic approach
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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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ex. this summer the comprehensive approach.
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psychotherapy
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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
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ex. any psychological therapy. this summer at the pain clinic.
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psychoanalysis
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freud's thrapeutic technique. he believed the patien's free associations, resistances, dreams and transferences released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
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ex. tying a disorder to a particular event in the past. relax, focus on thoughts and feelings. say the first thing that comes to mind.
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resistance
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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
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ex. pausing before saying something embarassing
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interpret
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the analyst noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
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ex. you didn't talk about your mother because you're repressing a sexual need
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transference
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the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love of hatred for a parent).i
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ex. helps the patient work through things.
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psychodynamic therapists
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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight
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ex. helps people explore own feelings and thoughts.
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insight therapies
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therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. (Humanistic psychology)
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ex. understanding one's current actions and growing from them.
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client-cenetered therapy
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humanistic therapy - developed by carl rogers. therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth.
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ex. listening and helping the client.
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active listening
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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. a feature of rogers' client-centered therapy
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ex. someone who can listen very well and seems to be truly listening and involved
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unconditional positive regard
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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which carl rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
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ex. being completely supported. paraphrase, invite clarification, reflect feelings.
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behavior therapy
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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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ex. getting rid of phobias
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counterconditioning
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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversion conditioning
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ex. making people face their fears
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exposure therapies
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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the thing they fear and avoid
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ex. plane simulations for those who fear flying.
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systematic desnsitization
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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. commonly used to treat phobias
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ex. at lunch time, bringing a rabbit closer each day.
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virtual reality exposure therapy
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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
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ex. airplane fears
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aversion conditioning
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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
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ex. putting things stimulating puking into alcohol
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token economy
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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
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ex. stickers for doing good thing, and then being able to trade them in.
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cognitive therapies
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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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ex. teaches new ways of thinking. lost job, my boss is a jerk, i server something better, no depression.
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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integrated therapy that combines congnitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) and behavior therapy (changing behavior)
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ex. for oCD, saying that you are having a compulsive urge (labeling it with the brain) and then doing a behavior to distract yourself
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family therapy
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therapy that treates the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
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ex. this summer's clinic experience. working with patients who had family come in.
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regression toward the mean
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the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
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ex. majorly depressed for one day, it'll most likely return to the norm.
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meta-analysis
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a procedure for statistically combining results of many different research studies
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ex. the headache study compilations this summer
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evidence-based practice
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clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
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ex. APA follows guidelines and evaluates therapies.
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biomedical therapy
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prescribed medications or medical procedures taht act directly on the patient's nervous system
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ex. benzodiazapines. etc.
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psychopharmacology
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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
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ex. how a drug affects things in the brain - dopamine levels.
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antipsychotic drugs
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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder. blocks dopamine. produce tardive dyskinesia.
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ex. thorazine.
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tardive dyskinesia
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involuntary movement of facial muscles, tongue and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.
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ex. moving tongues involumtarily
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antianxiety drugs
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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. like alcohol - depress central nervous system activity.
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ex. don't take with alcohol!
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antidepresssant drugs
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drugs used to treat depression - also increasingly used for anxiety and OCD. alters availability of various neurotransmitters.
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ex. prozac. blocks seratonin from synapses during re absorption.
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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ex. shock treatment
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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
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ex. pulses that only penetrate the top layer of the brain
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psychosurgery
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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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ex. lobotomy
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lobotomy
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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrolably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controling centers of the inner brain. the person becomes immature
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ex. used to treat severe seizures.
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resilience
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the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
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ex. being able to cope.
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